[12] Pl. LXXXIV. (i), p. 320. This is clearly the old Amorite-Hittite type as represented on the Egyptian temple sculptures, _temp._ Rameses II., then apparently most prevailing in the Lebanon region. See Petrie, _Racial Types_, No. 147, and Maspero, _The Struggle of the Nations_, p. 147 and fig.; cf. also W. Max Müller, _Asien und Europa_, pp. 229, 233, and the Book of Joshua, x. 6, and xi. 3. The type is now more widely dispersed, as seen from this example and Pls. XV. (ii), LXXXVI. below. [13] A local tradition says that 120,000 men were drawn from this region in the time of Alexander. [14] Von Luschan, _Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli_, i.; and _Liverpool Annals of Archæology_, i. p. 99. [15] Including the kingdoms of Unki, Samalla, and Jaudi: see the map, p. 375. [16] Cf. Plate LXXIV. [17] The coast route to Alexandretta was in course of reconstruction in 1907. Formerly the rocky promontory known as _Pylæ Syriæ et Ciliciæ_ presented a formidable obstacle, over which carts could pass only with great difficulty; while for travellers on horseback the easiest passage was by wading in the sea at the foot of the cliffs. The Bogche route is that contemplated for the new section of the railway heading for Baghdad. [18] A silvered copper seal, cylindrical in shape, is recorded as from Haifa (_C.I.H._ 1900, Pl. XLI. 2), but no argument can be based thereon. Other small objects from this region are a seal and archaic bronze figure from Latakia (_C.I.H._ _loc. cit._ No. 6, and Peiser, _Die Bronze-figur von Schernen_, aus _Sitzungsber. der Altertumsges. Prussia_, Heft 22, p. 428), and a similar archaic bronze from Homs, said to have been found in the Orontes (Peiser, _op. cit._). [19] See Plate LXXXIV. (ii), reproduced from a sketch by Mr. Horst Schliephack. The subject was an Arab-speaking carriage driver, resident in Hamath, who said that his birthplace was Urfa. Cf. the types Pls. LXXV., LXXVII. [20] Ramsay, _Journ. Roy. Asiatic Soc._, xv. p. 100. [21] Cf. Livy, Bk. xxxviii. 18, etc., for the contrast between Phrygia and the plains. [22] This feature also is historic. Cf. Strabo XII. viii. 8. [23] For the general geographical conditions affecting life on the plateau, cf. Hogarth, _The Nearer East_ (London, 1902), pp. 246 ff. [24] For mineral and other resources consult _inter alia_, Hamilton, _Researches in Asia Minor_ (London, 1842), vol. i. chs. xvi., xx., xxiii.; likewise Van Lennep, _Travels in ... Asia Minor_ (London, 1870). [25] It is of interest in this connection to notice that one of the earliest historical references to the Hittites occurs in the Babylonian chronicles (King, _Chronicles of the Early Babylonian Kings_, London, 1907, pp. 72 and 148). [26] Witness the group of monuments in the Kara Dagh, p. 90. [27] A barrier, that is, to general migration in ancient times. As a political boundary its importance is clear from the fact that it divided the Median and Lydian empires (Herodotus, i. 72).