[28] _Loc. cit._, Strabo (XII. iii. 9) speaks of ‘the “Leuco-Syrians” whom we call Cappadocians.’ See also p. 92; and Ramsay, _Historical Geography_, pp. 32, 33. [29] Hamilton, _Researches in Asia Minor_, vol. ii. ch. xliii. [30] _Liverpool Annals of Archæology_, i. (1908), p. 6, Pls. VIII., IX. [31] It is noteworthy that Strabo (XII. ii. 7), describes Mazaca (then the capital of the Cilician province) as being in a ruinous state without walls, while its land remained unfertile and uncultivated. [32] See Pl. IX. [33] See Pl. LXXXVI. [34] Professor Ramsay (_Historical Geography_, p. 35) already argued the necessary antiquity of such a route before the Hittite monument on the mountain pass was brought to light. [35] See below, pp. 45, 366, note 2; and cf. Macan’s _Herodotus_, App. XIII. §§ 7, 8, 9. [36] _Liv. Annals of Arch._, i. (1908), p. 11. [37] Cf. Pl. XXIV. (i). [38] See below, Pl. XXV. (iii); and _Liverpool Annals of Arch._, i. pp. 10, 13. [39] At Andaval, _C.I.H._ (1900), Pl. XXXI.; and at Bor, _ibid._ (1906), Pl. XXXIII. See below, p. 91. [40] See p. 233. [41] See pp. 33, 38. [42] See p. 143. [43] See Pl. II. (ii). [44] Cf. Strabo, XII. xi. 8. [45] We noticed in passing an aged pair working together in their small garden of vegetables. It was summer-time, and their sleeping-place was a bower of branches and twigs covered entirely with pink roses. [46] To be distinguished from the Bogche, which gives its name to the pass over the Giaour Dagh (p. 14). [47] Herodotus, i. 75, and v. 52; Ramsay, _Historical Geography_, p. 29; but see below, p. 38, note 1. [48] Cf. Pls. XII., XIII. (ii). We are alluding to the poorer classes. There is a considerable degree of refinement and simple luxury among the more prosperous Turkomans. See, for example, Davis, _Life in Asiatic Turkey_, pp. 223-4. [49] Pl. XVII. [50] Cf. Pls. XIV., XVIII. [51] The Yazîr Daresi. [52] The Beuyuk Kayanin Daresi. See Pl. LIX. [53] Herodotus, i. 76, says that Crœsus enslaved the inhabitants, and took also the adjacent places, expelling the population.