[106] For the character of the early names and their relation to the Hittite see Sayce, _loc. cit._; cf. also Hall on _Mursil_ and _Myrtillos_, _Jour. Hell. Stud._, xxix. (1909), pp. 19-22; and on the same point, Winckler in the _Orientalistische Litteratur-Zeitung_, Dec. 1906. [107] Gelzer, _Das Zeitalter des Gyges_, Rheins. Mus., vol. xxxv. (1880), pp. 520-524; cf. Radet, _La Lydie et le Monde Grec_, etc., pp. 90, 91. [108] Cf. the position of the Hatti kings, pp. 340, 361 ff.; and of the kings of Comana, of Pontus, and other states (Strabo, Bk. XII. ch. iii. sec. 32). On this subject see also Ramsay, in _Recueil de Travaux_, vol. xiv. pp. 78 ff., on ‘The Pre-Hellenic Monuments of Cappadocia.’ [109] For the double axe in Hittite symbolism, see Pl. LXV.; and for the relation of the God-of-the-double-axe to Hercules, see pp. 195, 240. [110] On this question, and on the whole subject of Hittite influence surviving in the civilisations of the western coast, see the brilliant survey by Hogarth, _Ionia and the East_, especially pp. 74 ff. and 101-2. [111] _Op. cit._, pp. 101-2. [112] _Excavations at Ephesus_: I. _The Archaic Artemisia_ p. 173. [113] Above, p. 37; see also below, p. 338, and Pls. LIII., LIV. [114] Herodotus, i. 76. [115] On this subject see Mommsen, _The Provinces of the Roman Empire_ (London, 1909), pp. 120, 123. [116] Pl. LV. [117] Pl. XXVII. [118] This place was visited by Drummond, _Travels ... in Parts of Asia to the Euphrates_ (London, 1874), who gives a sketch plan (No. 9 to f. p. 201). Theodoret in his _Ecclesiastical History_ mentions three inscriptions over the gate, as well as a castle, a ‘very superb’ Theatre, a Basilica, Temple, and other buildings; cf. also Maundrell, _A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem_ (ed. 1799), p. 158. [119] For these see a paper by the Rev. W. M. Linton Smith, in the _Liv. Annals of Arch._, 1910. [120] Pl. XXVIII. Cf. the _Mausolée Pyramidal de Maktar_, published by Gauckler, _Les travaux d’Art ... en Tunisie_, in _Revue Générale des Sciences_ (Paris, November 30, 1896), p. 971, fig. 15. Also tombs at Arles and in Algeria, published by Gsell in _Les Monuments Antiques d’Algérie_ (Paris, 1901). For these references we are indebted to Professor Bosanquet. [121] Pls. XXIX., XXX. [122] The old Aramæan name for Heliopolis; it is really just south of the historic Hittite frontier in the Lebanon. [123] For photographs of the ruins and city of Tarsus see Pl. XXII., XXIII.; cf. also Ramsay, _Cities of St. Paul_, Part II., with Pls. II.-V. [124] See Pl. XXXIV. (ii). [125] Pls. XXXII., XXXIII. [126] On the importance of this aspect of study, cf. Frazer, _Adonis, Attis, and Osiris_, in the Preface; and Hogarth in _Authority and Archæology_, 2nd ed. (London, 1899), Preface, vii. [127] Sayce, _The Hittites_ (London, 1888), 3rd ed., 1902, p. 67.