The term _floe_ is applied to pieces which are from half a mile to a mile in diameter. Pieces smaller than a floe are called _drift ice_. When drift ice is so extensive that its limits cannot be seen, it is called a _pack_, when the pieces do not touch an _open pack_, when they are pressed together a _close pack_. A _patch_ is a collection of drift ice, the limits of which are visible. A _stream_ is a drifting line of drift ice. A _tongue_ is a projecting point of ice, under water. A _calf_ is a mass of loose ice lying under a floe near its margin, and, when disengaged from that position, rising with violence to the surface. _Brash ice_ consists of fragments and nodules, the wreck of other kinds of ice, and _sludge_ is the term applied to smaller pieces, generally saturated by the sea. A bright white line on the horizon, seen over an ice-field, and denoting more ice, is known as the _ice-blink_. Over land or large masses of ice it generally has a yellowish tinge. On the other hand a blue streak on the horizon, denoting open water, is called a _water sky_. A _lane_ or _lead_ is a narrow track of open water between floes or pack ice. _Rotten ice_ is old ice partially melted, and in part honeycombed. When a ship is forcibly pressed by ice floes on both sides she is said to be _nipped_, and she is _beset_ when closely surrounded by ice. To _bore_ is to enter the ice under press of sail or steam and to force a way through by separating the masses. _Sallying_ is causing a ship to roll by making the men run in a body from side to side, to relieve her from adhesion of young ice. An _ice foot_ along a coast line is caused by the accumulation of the autumn snow-fall, as it drifts to the beach, being met by sea-water with a temperature just below the freezing point of fresh water. It is at once converted into ice, forming a solid wall from the bottom of the sea, constantly maintained. The upper surface of an ice foot is level with high water mark. The terrace above this wall, from its edge to the base of the _talus_, has a width dependent on the land slope. Thus an ice foot will not be found either where there are perpendicular cliffs or low coast lines, but only along sloping high lands under special conditions.