Man agrees in all these respects with the other vertebrates, and must have descended with them from the same common root. Particularly obscure is that part of our phylogeny which extends from the Gastræa to Amphioxus. The morphological importance of this last small creature had been perceived by Johannes Mueller, who in 1842 gave the first accurate description of it. It would not, of course, be correct to proclaim the modern Amphioxus the common ancestor of all the vertebrates; but he must be regarded as closely related to them, and as the only survivor of the whole class of Acrania. If the Amphioxidæ had through some unfortunate accident become extinct, we should not have been able to gain anything like a positive glimpse at our most remote vertebrate ancestor. On the one hand, Amphioxus is closely connected with the early larva of the Cyclostomes, which are the oldest Craniota, and the pre-Silurian ancestors of the fishes. On the other hand, the ontogeny of Amphioxus is in harmony with that of the Ascidians, and if this agreement is not merely coincidental, but due to relationship, we are justified in reconstructing for both Ascidians and Amphioxus one common ancestral group of chordate animals, the hypothetical _Prochordonia_. The modern Copelata give us a remote idea of their structure. The curious Balanoglossus, the only living form of Enteropneusta, seems to connect these Prochordonia with the Nemertina and other Vermalia, which we unite in one large class--Frontonia. No doubt these pre-Cambrian Vermalia, and the common root of all Metazoa, the Gastræades, were connected during the Laurentian period by a long chain of intermediate forms, and probably among these were some older forms of Rotatoria and Turbellaria; but at present it is not possible to fill this wide gap with hypotheses that are satisfactory, and we have to admit that here indeed are many missing links in the older history of the Invertebrata. Still, every zoologist who is convinced of the truth of transformism, and is accustomed to phylogenetic speculations, knows very well that their results are most unequal, often incomplete. III. Let us now recapitulate the ancestral chain of man, as it is set forth in the accompanying diagram (p. 55), which represents our present knowledge of our descent. For simplicity's sake the many side-issues or branches which lead to groups not in the main line of our descent have been left out, or have been indicated merely. Many of the stages are of course hypothetical, arrived at by the study of comparative anatomy and ontogeny; but an example for each of them has been taken from those living or fossil creatures which seem to be their nearest representatives.