16. _Proreptilia_ are represented by the Permian genera Eryops and Cricotus. Until quite recently these and many other fossils from the Carboniferous strata were looked upon as Amphibia, while many undoubted fossil Amphibia were mistaken for reptiles, as indicated by the frequent termination '-saurus' in their names. The nearest living representative of these extinct Proreptilia is the New Zealand reptile Hatteria, or Sphenodon, close relations of which are known from the Upper Trias; while others--_e.g._, Palæohatteria--have been discovered in the Permian. Anyhow, Sphenodon is the reptile which stands nearest to the main stem of our ancestry. The most important characteristics of the Reptilia, which mark a higher stage or level, are (1) The entire suppression of the gills--although during the embryonic development the gill-clefts still appear in all reptiles, birds, and mammals; (2) The development of an amnion and an allantois, both for the embryonic life only, but so characteristic that all these animals are comprised under the name of Amniota; (3) The articulation of the skull with the first neck vertebræ by well-developed condyles, either single (really triple) or double (such a condylar arrangement begins with the Amphibia, but only the two lateral condyles are developed, while the middle portion, belonging to the basi-occipital element, remains rudimentary[21]); (4) The formation of centra, or bodies of the vertebræ, mainly by a ventral pair of the original quadruple constituents, or arcualia. [21] Similar conditions seem to have prevailed among the Proreptilia; but in those of their descendants which have specialized into Reptiles and Birds the basi-occipital element becomes more and more predominant in that formation which ultimately leads to the apparently single condyle. Hence it is misleading to divide the Tetrapoda into the two main groups of Amphi-and Mono-condylia, and therefrom to conclude that the two-condyled Mammalia are more closely related to the likewise amphicondylous Amphibia than to the so-called monocondylous Reptiles.