Virchow has not confined himself to medicine. He takes the keenest interest in anthropology and ethnology, on which subjects he has contributed many papers. Together with his colleagues Helmholtz the physicist, and Du Bois Reymond the physiologist, he has taken a leading place in the spreading of natural science; but, unfortunately, he did not take to the doctrine of Evolution, and for the last thirty years has been its declared antagonist, rarely missing an opportunity of denouncing everything but descriptive anatomy and zoology as the unsound speculations of dreamers. This has on more than one occasion brought him into sharp conflict with Haeckel. His activity is astonishing, especially if it be remembered that Virchow has for many years been one of the most conspicuous leaders of the Progressists and Radicals in the German Parliament and Berlin town-council. EDWARD DRINKER COPE was born at Philadelphia, Pa. After studying at several Continental Universities, especially at Heidelberg, he became first Professor of Natural Science at Haverford College, and later Professor of Geology and Mineralogy. He died at an early age in 1897. As a member of various geological expeditions and other surveys, he explored chiefly Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado; and he published many most suggestive papers on the fossil vertebrate fauna of North America, and on classification especially of Amphibia and Reptiles. Among works of a more general philosophical scope may be mentioned 'The Origin of the Fittest,' 1887, and his latest work, 'The Primary Factors of Organic Evolution,' 1896. ALBERT VON KOELLIKER, born in 1817, became Professor of Anatomy at Würzburg. His earlier studies and discoveries contributed considerably to the systematic development of the cell theory. In 1844 he observed the division and further multiplication of the original egg cell. Next year he showed the continuity between nerve cells and nerve fibres in the Vertebrata; later, that the non-striped or smooth muscular tissue is composed of cellular elements. He demonstrated that the Gregarinæ are unicellular creatures. In 1852 he went with his younger friend Gegenbaur to Messina, where he studied especially the development of the Cephalopoda (cuttlefishes and allies); and he produced a magnificent work on Alcyonaria, Medusæ, and other allied forms. He elucidated the development of the vertebral column, especially with reference to the notochord. In 1848 he founded, together with Th. von Siebold, the famous _Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie_. A standard work on mammalian embryology is his 'Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen und der höheren Thiere,' a text-book of which the second edition appeared in 1879. At the anniversary meeting of 1897 he received the Copley medal, the highest honour which the Royal Society can bestow. CARL GEGENBAUR was born on August 21, 1826, in Bavaria. He studied medicine and kindred subjects in Würzburg, and as a pupil of Johannes Mueller in Berlin.