1. _Lemur macaco_; 2. _Macacus rhesus_, the Rhesus monkey; 3. Cercopithecus, a macaque; 4. human embryo of six months; 5. man, with Darwin's point well retained: the dotted outline is that of the ear of a baboon; 6. orang-utan (after G. Schwalbe):[7] ^x the original tip of the ear; 7. human ear with the principal muscles. [7] G. Schwalbe, 'In wiefern ist die menschliche Ohrmuschel ein rudimentäres Organ?'--In what Respects is the Human Outer Ear a Rudimentary Organ? (_Archiv f. Anatomie und Physiologie_, 1889).] In connection with the ear, I may touch upon another interesting and most suggestive little feature which is present in many individuals--namely, 'Darwin's point.' This is the last remnant of the original tip of the ear, before the outer, upper, and hinder rim became doubled up or folded in. It is a feature quite useless, and absolutely impossible of interpretation, excepting as the vestige of such previous ancestral conditions as are normal in the monkeys. In some cases the reduction of muscles has proceeded further in apes than in man--for example, the muscles of the little toe. Another instance is afforded by the coccyx or vestige of the tail; this is still furnished with muscles which are now in man, as well as in the apes, quite useless, and vary considerably with every sign of degeneration, most so in the orang-utan. Darwin has mentioned the frequent action of the 'snarling muscle,' by which, in sneering, our upper canine teeth are exposed, like those of a dog prepared to fight. Monkeys and apes possess vocal sacs, especially large in the orang-utan; survivals of them, although no longer used, persist in man in the shape of a pair of small diverticula, the pouches of Morgagni, between the true and the false vocal cords. 'In the native Australians, the dental formula appears least removed from the hypothetical original type, for in it are still found complete rows of splendid teeth, with powerfully-developed canines and molars, the latter being either uniform, or even increasing in size, as we proceed backwards, in such a way that the wisdom tooth is the largest of the series. This is decidedly a pithecoid characteristic which is always found in apes. The upper incisors of the Malay, apart from their prognathous disposition, have occasionally a distinctly pithecoid form, their anterior surface being convex, and their lingual surface slightly concave. The ancestors of Europeans seem to have had the same form of teeth, for the oldest existing fragments of skulls from the Mammoth age (_e.g._, the jaws from La Naulette, in Belgium) reveal tooth-forms which must be classed with those of the lowest races of to-day.'[8] [8] Wiedersheim, 'Der Bau des Menschen als Zeugniss für seine Vergangenheit.' Freiburg, 1888. Translated: 'The Structure of Man an Index to his Past History.' London, 1895.