Nour-ed-Din: Sultan of Aleppo 103; occupies Cairo 103; repulses Louis VII. 117; kills Raymond de Poitiers 118. Ogive: of Eastern origin 95; appears in transition architecture 96. Overstone, Lord: rise of 336; conceives Bank Act 336; financial policy of 337 _et seq._ Panic: under Tiberius 25; of thirteenth century 169, 170; of 1810 325; of 1825 334; allayed by paper money 335; of 1847 342. Passive obedience: _see_ Divine right. Patricians: usurers 7; not martial 7; sanction Licinian Laws 10; _see_ Usury. Pauperism: under Henry VII I. 249; in 1848 345. Peel, Sir Robert: represents Lombard Street 330; separates from his father on money issue 330; his Resumption Act 331; effect of 331; repeals Corn Laws 340; parentage 342. Pelagius, Cardinal: commands crusade 150. Penny: the Roman, _see_ Denarius; of Charlemagne 129; depreciation of Venetian 129; depreciation of English in fourteenth century 195; under Henry VIII. 206, 207. Philip Augustus: regal of France vowed for recovery of 65; belief in intercession 69; commands crusade 129; returns to Fiance 130; divorced from Ingeburga 135; excommunicated 135. Philip the Fair: character of 171; quarrel with Boniface 172; defeated at Courtray 175; seizes Boniface 177; makes Clement V. pope 178; arrests Templars 180; tortures Templars 182; death of 185. Pilgrimage of Grace: _see_ Rebellion. Plassey: battle of 308; effect of 313. Plebeians: farmers 6; form infantry 6; sold for debt 7; secede to Mons Sacer 9; favoured by Licinian Laws 10; overthrow patricians 10; suffer from Asiatic competition 11; suffer from slave labour 12; insolvent 22; become _coloni_ 33; disappear 44, 45. Police, a paid: lack of, causes defeat of patricians 39; an effect of money 45; organized by Augustus 45; makes capital autocratic at Rome 46; impossible when the defence in war is superior to the attack 79; lack of, causes weakness of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 99, 121, 122; the weapon of an economic community 164; an effect of wealth and the basis of centralization 165; in England under Henry VIII. 245; destroys martial type 245; drives adventurers from England 254; resistless in nineteenth century 353. Pompey: defeat of 364. Potosi: discovery 207. Prices: fall of, under Trajan 33; rise of in thirteenth century 167; fall of in fifteenth century 203; rise of in sixteenth century 207, 283; rise of after Plassey 319; culminate in 1809 324; fall of in England after 1815 330; depressed by gold standard 337; fall of after Bank Act 339; rise of after 1849 345; fall of since 1873 349. Producers: predominance of 321; currency system of 328, 329; weakness of modern 349; Indian 360.