Saracens: architecture of 89, 90; household decorations of 90; philosophy of 93; sciences of 94; _see_ Crusades, Nour-ed-Din, Saladin, Zenghi. Schism: Greek 78. Seymour, Protector: confiscations under 261; executed 261. Sicily: cheap labour in 16; servile war in 16; cheap grain of 17. Silver: Roman standard 26; discarded in Rome 31; restored by Charlemagne 128; ratio of to gold in Rome 30; to gold in thirteenth century 169; Potosi 204; Spaniards plundered of 288; brought to England by piracy 291; ratio to gold in seventeenth century 300; standard in England 300; exported to India in eighteenth century 299–302; in 1810 320; discarded by England 330; by Germany 347; relation to Asiatic competition 360; _see_ Coinage, Currency, Denarius, Gold standard. Slavery: for debt in Rome 5; plebeians sink into 33; Roman population exhausted by 36; in West Indies 289, 290. Slaving: part of Roman fiscal system 34; by Roman emperors 39; Venetian 126; English 291; _see_ Hawkins. Smith, Captain John: career of 295. Solidus: _see_ Aureus. Somerset: Duke of, _see_ Seymour. Spain: empire of 286; war with Flanders 287; plundered by Drake 288; attacked by Cromwell 301; _see_ Armada, West Indies. Spanish America: revolution of 324. Suez Canal: effect of 355. Sylvester II.: thought a sorcerer 81; proposes a crusade 83. Syria: industrial 25; _see_ Architecture, Crusades, Eastern trade, Saracens. Temple, _see_ Knights of the. Tenures: primitive Roman 1; servile Roman 33; English military 244; the manor 244; modern economic 245; Indian peasant 356. Thompson, Charles Andrew: petition of 332. Tiberias: battle of, _see_ Hattin. Tortosa: fortress of 101; surrender of 171. Trade, _see_ Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving. Urban II.: preaches at Clermont 83. Usurers: form Roman aristocracy 2; checked by Licinian Laws 10; absolute in Rome 46; rise of in England 321; absolute in Europe 353; Indian 357; _see_ Bankers. Usury: a patrician privilege 2; stronghold of in Roman fiscal system 5; ruins Roman provinces 35; basis of Roman slaving 36; _see_ Usurers. Vagrant Acts: English 248. Venice: rise of 125; slave trade of 126; illicit trade of with Saracens 126; population unimaginative 126; navy of 127; co-operates with Godfrey de Bouillon 127; holds Syrian ports 127; coinage of 129; participates in crusade of Constantinople 137; _see_ Crusade; packet service to Flanders 201; decline of 298. Vézelay: second crusade preached at 112; feud with Counts of Nevers 161. Ville-Hardouin: chronicle of 132. Virginia: story of 8. War: _see_ Police. Watt, James: invents engine 314; partnership with Boulton 316.