IV. Every attempt at organising the desired new League of Nations must start from, and keep intact, the independence and equality of the several States, with the consequence that the establishment of a central political authority above the sovereign States is an impossibility. V. The development of an organisation of the Community of States began before the outbreak of the World War and is to be found in the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague by the First Hague Peace Conference of 1899. But more steps will be necessary to turn the hitherto unorganised Community of States into an organised League of Nations. VI. The organisation of the desired new League of Nations should start from the beginning made by the Hague Peace Conferences, and the League should therefore include all the independent civilised States. VII. The objection to the reception of the Central Powers, and of Germany especially, into the League. VIII. The objection to the reception of the minor transoceanic States into the League. IX. The seven principles which ought to be accepted with regard to the organisation of the new League of Nations. X. The organisation of the League of Nations is not an end in itself but only a means of attaining three objects, the first of which is International Legislation. The meaning of the term 'International Legislation' in contradistinction to Municipal Legislation. International Legislation in the past and in the future. XI. The difficulty in the way of International Legislation on account of the language question. XII. The difficulty created by the conflicting national interests of the several States. XIII. The difficulty caused by the fact that International Statutes cannot be created by a majority vote of the States. The difference between universal and general International Law offers a way out. XIV. The difficulty created by the fact that there are as yet no universally recognised rules concerning interpretation and construction of International Statutes and ordinary conventions. The notorious Article 23(h) of the Hague Regulations concerning Land Warfare. THE LECTURE I. In my first lecture on the League of Nations I recommended the following three rules to be laid down by a League of Nations: Firstly, every State must submit all judicial disputes to an International Court of Justice and must abide by the judgment of such Court. Secondly, every State previous to resorting to arms, must submit every political and non-judicial dispute to an International Council of Conciliation and must at any rate listen to the advice of such Council.