IV. But during the second part of the Middle Ages matters began to change. During the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries an International Law, and with it a kind of League of Nations, became a necessity and therefore grew by custom. At the same time arose the first schemes for a League of Nations guaranteeing permanent peace, namely those of Pierre Dubois (1305), Antoine Marini (1461), Sully (1603), and Emeric Crucee (1623). Hugo Grotius' immortal work on 'The Law of War and Peace' (1625) 7 V. The League of Nations thus evolved by custom could not undertake to prevent war; the conditions prevailing up to the outbreak of the French Revolution made it impossible; it was only during the nineteenth century that the principle of nationality made growth 9 VI. The outbreak of the present World War is epoch-making because it is at bottom a fight between the principle of democratic and constitutional government and the principle of militarism and autocratic government. The three new points in the present demand for a League of Nations 11 VII. How and why the peremptory demand for a new League of Nations arose, and its connection with so-called Internationalism 11 VIII. The League of Nations now aimed at is not really a League of Nations but of States. The ideal of the national State 13 IX. The two reasons why the establishment of a new League of Nations is conditioned by the utter defeat of the Central Powers 15 X. Why--in a sense--the new League of Nations may be said to have already started its career 16 XI. The impossibility of the demand that the new League of Nations should create a Federal World State 18 XII. The demand for an International Army and Navy 20 XIII. The new League of Nations cannot give itself a constitution of a state-like character, but only one _sui generis_ on very simple lines 22 XIV. The three aims of the new League of Nations, and the four problems to be faced and solved in order to make possible the realisation of these aims 23 SECOND LECTURE: ORGANISATION AND LEGISLATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 25 I. The Community of civilised States, the at present existing League of Nations, is a community without any organisation, although there are plenty of legal rules for the intercourse of the several States one with another 28