9. All rectories, vicarages, and perpetual curacies, whether ancient or established under the Church Building and New Parishes Acts, or under any special Act of Parliament, fall within the term _benefice_, and are of freehold tenure. The term is also applied to non-parochial ecclesiastical offices of a like tenure, such as a deanery, canonry, and archdeaconry. But in the present treatise, which deals only with the parochial clergy, it will be used exclusively of the above-named parochial benefices (which are in popular language called _livings_); and the clergy who hold these benefices will be called beneficed clergy or incumbents. The other parochial clergy will be referred to as unbeneficed clergy or curates. The legal position of the unbeneficed clergy as regards status and property is so different from that of incumbents that it will be convenient to treat of them separately. But the spiritual duties of the two classes, and the discipline to which they are amenable, are similar and can be discussed together. They are alike subject to the same superior ecclesiastical officials and to the same judicial proceedings; and their civil privileges and disabilities in respect of their clerical office are identical. By virtue of their position as parochial clergy they are brought into certain relations with the bishop of the diocese, the archdeacon of the archdeaconry, and the rural dean of the deanery in which their parish is situate. 10. The bishop is not only the ruler and administrator, but also the chief pastor of the whole of his diocese. As such, he, assisted by his chaplain, has the right whenever he pleases, without the consent of the incumbent, to conduct service or preach in the church of any parish in such lawful manner as he thinks proper. This right extends to consecrating a church within the parish[16] and, of course, to holding ordinations and confirmations. Moreover, he can require from the clergy all reasonable information respecting their parish and parishioners. They owe to him canonical obedience,[17] and deference in matters which do not fall within the limits of obedience. With the exception that his withdrawal of a licence from a curate is subject to an appeal to the archbishop, he possesses absolute control over the unbeneficed clergy in his diocese, having the right to inhibit them from officiating within it. But he has no such power over the beneficed clergy in respect of their services in their own church and other matters involved in the cure of souls attaching to their benefice. In respect of these matters, their office being a freehold for life, they are independent of him except in such particulars and to such extent as the law has expressly prescribed, and they can only be constrained by him against their will through the instrumentality of legal proceedings. But, equally with the unbeneficed clergy of the diocese, it is their duty to attend the bishop's triennial visitations; and their absence without sufficient