No explanation of these designations will be found in Heckewelder or the older writers. From investigations among living Delawares, carried out at my request by Mr. Horatio Hale, it is evident that they are wholly geographical, and refer to the locations of these sub-tribes on the Delaware river. _Minsi_, properly _Minsiu_, and formerly _Minassiniu_, means "people of the stony country," or briefly, "mountaineers." It is a synthesis of _minthiu_, to be scattered, and _achsin_, stone, according to the best living native authorities.[54] _Unami_, or _W'nãmiu_, means "people down the river," from _naheu_, down-stream. _Unalachtigo_, properly _W'nalãchtko_, means "people who live near the ocean," from _wunalawat_, to go towards, and _t'kow_ or _t'kou_, wave. Historically, such were the positions of these sub-tribes when they first came to the knowledge of Europeans. The Minsi lived in the mountainous region at the head waters of the Delaware, above the Forks, or junction of the Lehigh river. One of their principal fires was on the Minisink plains, above the Water Gap, and another on the East Branch of the Delaware, which they called _Namaes Sipu_, Fish River. Their hunting grounds embraced lands now in the three colonies of Pennsylvania, New York and New Jersey. The last mentioned extinguished their title in 1758, by the payment of one thousand pounds. That, at any time, as Heckewelder asserts, their territory extended up the Hudson as far as tide-water, and westward "far beyond the Susquehannah," is surely incorrect. Only after the beginning of the eighteenth century, when they had been long subject to the Iroquois, have we any historic evidence that they had a settlement on the last named river. The Unamis' territory on the right bank of the Delaware river extended from the Lehigh valley southward. It was with them and their southern neighbors, the Unalachtigos, that Penn dealt for the land ceded him in the Indian Deed of 1682. The Minsis did not take part in the transaction, and it was not until 1737 that the Colonial authorities treated directly with the latter for the cession of their territory.[55] The Unalachtigo or Turkey totem had its principal seat on the affluents of the Delaware near where Wilmington now stands. About this point, Captain John Smith, on his map (1609,) locates the _Chikahokin_. In later writers this name is spelled _Chihohockies_, _Chiholacki_ and _Chikolacki_, and is stated by the historians Proud and Smith to be synonymous with Delawares.[56] The correct form is _Chikelaki_, from _chik'eno_, turkey, the modern form as given by Whipple,[57] and _aki_ land. The _n_, _l_ and _r_ were alternating letters in this dialect.