[245] From _amangi_, great or big (in composition _amangach_), with the accessory notion of terrible, or frightful; Cree, _amansis_, to frighten; _tiât_, an abbreviated form of _tawa_, naked, whence the name _Tawatawas_, or Twightees, applied to the Miami Indians in the old records. (See _Minutes of the Provincial Council of Penna._, Vol. VIII, p. 418). CHAPTER VII. THE WALAM OLUM: ITS ORIGIN, AUTHENTICITY AND CONTENTS. Biographical Sketch of Rafinesque--Value of his Writings--His Account of the WALAM OLUM.--Was it a Forgery?--Rafinesque's Character--The Text pronounced Genuine by Native Delawares--Conclusion Reached Phonetic System of the WALAM OLUM--Metrical Form--Pictographic System--Derivation and Precise Meaning of WALAM OLUM.--The MS of the WALAM OLUM--General Synopsis of the WALAM OLUM--Synopsis of its Parts. _Rafinesque and his Writings._ Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, to whom we owe the preservation and first translation of the WALAM OLUM, was born in Galata, a suburb of Constantinople, Oct. 22d, 1783, and died in Philadelphia, of cancer of the stomach, Sept. 18th, 1840. His first visit to this country was in 1802. He remained until 1804, when he went to Sicily, where he commenced business. As the French were unpopular there, he added "Schmaltz" to his name, for "prudent considerations," that being the surname of his mother's family. In 1815 he returned to America, but had the misfortune to be shipwrecked on the coast, losing his manuscripts and much of his property. On his arrival, he supported himself by teaching, occupying his leisure time in scientific pursuits and travel. In 1819 he was appointed "Professor of Historical and Natural Sciences," in Transylvania University, Kentucky. This position he was obliged to resign, for technical reasons, in 1826, when he returned to Philadelphia, which city he made his home during the rest of his life. From his early youth he was an indefatigable student, collector and writer in various branches of knowledge, especially in natural history. On the title-page of the last work that he published, "The Good Book and Amenities of Nature" (Philadelphia, 1840), he claims to be the author of "220 books, pamphlets, essays and tracts." Including his contributions to periodicals, there is no reason to doubt the correctness of this estimate. They began when he was nineteen, and were composed in English, French, Italian and Latin, all of which he wrote with facility. His earlier essays were principally on botanical subjects; later, he included zoölogy and conchology; and during the last fifteen years of his life the history and antiquities of America appear to have occupied his most earnest attention. The value of his writings in these various branches has been canvassed by several eminent critics in their respective lines.