The supreme interest of the re-casting of Italy arises from the new spectacle of a nation made one not by conquest but by consent. Above and beyond the other causes that contributed to the conclusion must always be reckoned the gathering of an emotional wave, only comparable to the phenomena displayed by the mediæval religious revivals. Sentiment, it is said, is what makes the real historical miracles. A writer on Italian Liberation would be indeed misleading who failed to take account of the passionate longing which stirred and swayed even the most outwardly cold of those who took part in it, and nerved an entire people to heroic effort. Salò, Lago di Garda. CONTENTS CHAPTER I RESURGAM Italy from the Battle of Lodi to the Congress of Vienna CHAPTER II THE WORK OF THE CARBONARI Revolutions in the Kingdom of Naples and in Piedmont--The Conspiracy against Charles Albert CHAPTER III PRISON AND SCAFFOLD Political Trials in Venetia and Lombardy--Risings in the South and Centre--Ciro Menotti CHAPTER IV YOUNG ITALY Accession of Charles Albert--Mazzini's Unitarian Propaganda--The Brothers Bandiera CHAPTER V THE POPE LIBERATOR Events leading to the Election of Pius IX.--The Petty Princes--Charles Albert, Leopold and Ferdinand CHAPTER VI THE YEAR OF REVOLUTION Insurrection in Sicily--The Austrians expelled from Milan and Venice--Charles Albert takes the Field--Withdrawal of the Pope and King of Naples--Piedmont defeated--The Retreat CHAPTER VII THE DOWNFALL OF THRONES Garibaldi arrives--Venice under Manin--The Dissolution of the Temporal Power--Republics at Rome and Florence CHAPTER VIII AT BAY Novara--Abdication of Charles Albert--Brescia crushed--French Intervention--The Fall of Rome--The Fall of Venice CHAPTER IX 'J'ATTENDS MON ASTRE' The House of Savoy--A King who Keeps his Word--Sufferings of the Lombards--Charles Albert's death CHAPTER X THE REVIVAL OF PIEDMONT Restoration of the Pope and Grand-Duke of Tuscany--Misrule at Naples-- The Struggle with the Church in Piedmont--The Crimean War CHAPTER XI PREMONITIONS OF THE STORM Pisacane's Landing--Orsini's Attempt--The Compact of Plombières--Cavour's Triumph CHAPTER XII THE WAR FOR LOMBARDY Austria declares War--Montebello--Garibaldi's Campaign--Palestro-- Magenta--The Allies enter Milan--Ricasoli saves Italian Unity-- Accession of Francis II.--Solferino--The Armistice of Villafranca CHAPTER XIII WHAT UNITY COST Napoleon III. and Cavour--The Cession of Savoy and Nice--Annexations in Central Italy CHAPTER XIV THE MARCH OF THE THOUSAND Origin of the Expedition--Garibaldi at Marsala--Calatafimi--The Taking of Palermo--Milazzo--The Bourbons evacuate Sicily CHAPTER XV THE MEETING OF THE WATERS Garibaldi's March on Naples--The Piedmontese in Umbria and the Marches--The Volturno. Victor Emmanuel enters Naples CHAPTER XVI BEGINNINGS OF THE ITALIAN KINGDOM