=American Literature.= Obviously akin to English literature, yet more democratic in tone, owing to national tendencies, such as the character of the settlers, and the subsequent historical developments. Longfellow, Emerson, Whitman, and the other leading American authors wrote for the nation and not for any restricted class; the aristocratic note characteristic of much of eighteenth-century English literature is not to be found in American writers. POETRY Aldrich Bryant Emerson Field Holmes Howe Key Lanier Longfellow Lowell Morris, G. P. Payne Poe Read Riley Smith, S. F. Story Taylor Whitman Whittier Woodworth FICTION Aldrich Cooper Crawford Hale Harte Hawthorne Irving Poe Stowe HISTORY Bancroft Fiske Irving McMaster Motley Parkman Prescott ESSAY Emerson Fields Howells Lowell Mitchell Thoreau Warner HUMOR Browne, C. F. Harris Harte Holmes Irving Lowell TRAVEL Audubon Dana Melville ORATORY Choate Henry Lincoln Phillips Sumner Washington Webster SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY Emerson Hamilton Shaler RELIGION Bowne Brooks Channing Palmer Sears =French Literature.= A marked love of beauty, almost Greek in its nature, with a feeling for accuracy and organization which is decidedly Latin. These qualities have produced delicacy and clearness of expression; but their tendencies lead to perfection of style and form rather than to depth of thought, giving an effect of lightness and brilliance, and at times of superficiality. POETRY French Lit. La Fontaine Musset Ronsard Rouget de Lisle Verlaine Villon FICTION Balzac Bernardin de Saint-Pierre Chateaubriand Daudet Dumas Fénelon Feuillet French Lit. Hugo Laboulaye Le Sage Maupassant Perrault Zola HISTORY French Lit. Guizot Michelet Taine Voltaire ESSAY Montaigne Sainte-Beuve DRAMA Molière Racine Rostand PHILOSOPHY Pascal Rousseau RELIGION Bernard, St. Bernard of Cluny =German Literature.= Depth of thought and forceful expression, which are in part responsible for the complex character of the national style as opposed to the clarity of the French. Owing to the unsettled condition of Germany for many centuries, the arts in general, and literature especially, did not begin to flourish to a noteworthy degree until the eighteenth century. While Luther was the first great author to use the language in its present form, it was not until two centuries later that the next eminent writers, Lessing, Schiller, and Goethe, appeared, whose work marks the highest point in the history of German letters. POETRY Arndt German Lit. Goethe Heine Schneckenburger Uhland FICTION Fouqué Grimm Raspe HISTORY Mommsen DRAMA Lessing Schiller Goethe PHILOSOPHY Kant Schopenhauer RELIGION à Kempis Luther