The Library of Work and Play: Electricity and Its Everyday UsesWoodhull, John F. (John Francis)
Science
The Library of Work and Play: Electricity and Its Everyday Uses
Woodhull, John F. (John Francis)
Electricity -- Juvenile literature
Here are three iron nails. I propose that you plate one with zinc
and another with copper and then expose all three to the weather
and see which will rust. I propose that you replate all the spoons
at the cottage and the metal tops of the salt cellars with silver.
Electro-plating results better if done slowly. Ten volts and .1 ampere
will be sufficient current.
In the storage battery we generally use lead for both positive and
negative plates and dilute sulphuric acid for the electrolyte. Hydrogen
is liberated at the positive plate and oxygen unites with the negative
plate. When the charging current is cut off the chemical action
reverses, and an electric current is produced by the cell.
In all other batteries there is a destruction of one plate and of the
electrolyte, which cannot be fully restored by a charging current,
although in the case of the lead and sulphuric acid combination the
charging and discharging of the cell may go on alternately for a very
long period without permanent change or loss of any substance except
water. There is, however, plenty of loss of energy in this as in other
transformers. One hundred ampere hours of current expended to charge
a storage battery will yield from seventy-five to eighty-five ampere
hours while the battery is discharging.
The lead storage battery is, however, full of disappointments for
those who do not properly care for it. It is irretrievably ruined if
neglected and allowed to charge too far, or discharge too far, or
evaporate too much water, etc. The voltage of a lead cell must not rise
above 2.2 nor fall below 1.8. It must not be allowed to furnish at any
one time a greater number of amperes than it is rated for. It must
not stand idle too much. It must not be cleaned up and put away for a
period. In fact, the lead-sulphuric acid battery is so poorly adapted
to our need that I feel disposed to try Mr. Edison's new storage
battery. This has nickel hydrate packed in tubes of metallic nickel for
the positive plates and iron oxide pressed into pockets in a sheet of
metallic iron for the negative plate. A solution of potassium hydrate
in water is used for the electrolyte. This is said to be uninjured by
being emptied out and left idle, as our batteries must be for a large
part of the year. The e. m. f. of this battery is less than that of the
lead battery, being only 1.2 volts. We shall therefore need ninety-six
cells (type _B-4_) for the machine shop and ninety-one cells of the
same kind for the cottage. Our dynamo will be unable to charge at one
time more than sixty of these cells connected in series.
The particular chore which you boys must perform is to see that the
voltage of these batteries is maintained at about 1.2. It should
be charged up to 1.8 volt at least once a week and never allowed
to discharge to a lower pressure than one volt. The level of the
electrolyte must be maintained one half inch above the plate by adding
distilled water occasionally.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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