Produced by Dianna Adair, Bryan Ness, Paula J. Franzini and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) THE LIFE OF CRUSTACEA BY W. T. CALMAN, D.Sc. WITH THIRTY-TWO PLATES AND EIGHTY-FIVE FIGURES METHUEN & CO. LTD. 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. LONDON _First Published in 1911_ PREFACE This sketch of the Natural History of the Crustacea deals chiefly with their habits and modes of life, and attempts to provide, for readers unfamiliar with the technicalities of Zoology, an account of some of the more important scientific problems suggested by a study of the living animals in relation to their environment. I am indebted to the Trustees of the British Museum for leave to reproduce certain figures prepared for the "Guide to the Crustacea, Arachnida, Onychophora, and Myriopoda exhibited in the Department of Zoology"; also to Sir Ray Lankester, K.C.B., F.R.S., and to Messrs. A. and C. Black for the use of a number of figures from my volume on Crustacea in the "Treatise on Zoology," edited by Sir Ray Lankester. The source of these figures is indicated in the explanation attached to each. Of the remaining illustrations, some are reproduced from photographs of specimens in the collection of the British Museum; the others have been drawn from Nature, or copied from the original figures of various authors, by Miss Gertrude M. Woodward, to whom I am much indebted for the care and skill which she has given to their preparation. W. T. C. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY 1 II. THE LOBSTER AS A TYPE OF CRUSTACEA 6 III. THE CLASSIFICATION OF CRUSTACEA 34 IV. THE METAMORPHOSES OF CRUSTACEA 66 V. CRUSTACEA OF THE SEASHORE 88 VI. CRUSTACEA OF THE DEEP SEA 117 VII. FLOATING CRUSTACEA OF THE OPEN SEA 138 VIII. CRUSTACEA OF FRESH WATERS 157 IX. CRUSTACEA OF THE LAND 188 X. CRUSTACEA AS PARASITES AND MESSMATES 207 XI. CRUSTACEA IN RELATION TO MAN 237 XII. CRUSTACEA OF THE PAST 256 APPENDIX: I. METHODS OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING CRUSTACEA 271 II. NOTES ON BOOKS 277