A short time afterwards the elections for the Roman Constituent Assembly took place, and Garibaldi was elected at Macerata, and went to Rome to take his seat in the Assembly, at its opening, on February 9th, 1849. After that day Garibaldi put himself again at the head of his troops, on the boundaries of Naples, and returned with them to Rome, when the French had landed at Civitavecchia. PRINCIPLES OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICANS, IN OPPOSITION TO THE CLAIMS OF POPERY. The Pope at this time published a long and tiresome "_Encyclic_" filled with true Popish arrogance and subtleties, to which pungent replies were made,—one entitled, "_The Pope Excommunicated._" _Brief extracts from "Thoughts addressed to the Archbishops and Bishops of Italy," "on the Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius IX.," by Mazzini._ The divorce between the world and him (Pius IX.), between believing people, who are the true Church, and the fornicating aristocracy who usurp its name, is impressed on every syllable of the Pope's letter. For many years the Pope has lost the power to love and bless. Excited for a moment by the immense spectacle of the resurrection of a people, Pius IX., two years ago, murmured a benediction upon Italy; and that accent of love sounded so new and unusual on the lips of a Pope, that all Europe imagined a second era for the Papacy, and became intoxicated with enthusiasm, ignorant of the history of past ages respecting him who had pronounced it. Now the monarchs have been paid.... The few important points which the Pope's letter contains, are: 1st, _A theory_ on authority: and 2nd, _A doctrine_ respecting the evils of the poverty and ignorance which afflict the people in Italy, and in a great degree elsewhere. Both these deny God, the Word of Christ, and human nature. ... The Israel (of Italy) is the revolutionary party, the national party, who say to Italians, _You are not a race born to be slaves_ of the Pope, or of the Austrian whip; _you are twenty-six millions of people_, created free, equal, brethren, all children of God, and servants of nothing but his law. The _theory_ of the Pope's letter is this: "That the poor exist in consequence of things which cannot and ought not to be changed; that the Catholic religion preaches to the rich to have charity, which will obtain from God treasures of grace and eternal rewards; that the poor should thank the Providence which keeps them in misery, and that they know how to bear it in peace and a light mind, as an easier way of salvation in heaven."... And to this _theory_ is superadded _the other_, respecting authority: "Every authority comes from God; every government, _de facto_, is a government of right. Obey, or, resisting, be condemned."