[43] Compare Celestine, _Ep._ iv. (Migne, _P.L._, 1. 434), nullus inuitis detur episcopus. [44] The conjecture is due to Professor Zimmer. [45] The old kingdom of Leinster, or Laigin, was south of the Liffey, and in this book “Leinster” is used in this sense (not equivalent to the modern province, which includes the old kingdom of Meath). See below, chap. iv. [46] See Appendix C, 9, on Patrick’s consecration. [47] No better illustration of this can be found than Pope Gregory’s provision for the mission of Augustine to England, as recorded in Bede, _Hist. ecc._ i. 29; he sent, besides fellow-workers, “uniuersa quae ad cultum erant ac ministerium ecclesiae necessaria, uasa videlicet sacra, et vestimenta altarium, ornamenta quoque ecclesiarum, et sacerdotalia uel clericilia indumenta, sanctorum etiam apostolorum ac martyrum reliquias, necnon et codices plurimos.” [48] It has recently been held, more plausibly but erroneously, that Patrick was on his way to Rome when the news of the death of Palladius overtook him. See Appendix C, 8. [49] Celestine probably died July 27, and Xystus succeeded July 31, 432. These dates have been determined by M. Duchesne, _Liber Pontificalis_, i. pp. ccli.-ii. [50] It is probable that excommunication by a Roman bishop was also recognised as universally binding. The question whether the popes had the right of annulling sentences pronounced by provincial councils on bishops, depends on the question of the authenticity of the Council of Sardica. See J. Friedrich, _Sitzungsber._ of the Bavarian Academy, 1901, 417 _sqq._; E. Babut, _Le concile de Turin_, 75. [51] A.D. 366-384. [52] See Babut, _Le concile de Turin_ (1904), a valuable work. [53] This has been well brought out by M. Babut. [54] _Novella_, xvi. [55] _Commonitorium_, ii. 33, 34. [56] The chief source for the social and economic conditions of ancient Ireland is the collection of the _Ancient Laws of Ireland_ (6 vols., 1865-1901). A clear account of the general framework of society, with interesting details and illustrations, will be found in Dr. Joyce’s _Social History of Ireland_, vol. i. [57] _Tuath_ = people, tribe, tribal district. [58] _Flaith_ = noble. [59] The _bó-aires_. [60] The tributes and presents which are due from the under-kings to the over-kings, the donations which the over-kings owe to the under-kings, the privileges which the various kings possess, are the subject of the _Book of Rights_ (edited and translated by O’Donovan, 1847), which still awaits a critical investigation. It is easy to see that it was compiled in Munster in the tenth century, but it was based on older material of high antiquity, and clearly reproduces the general character of the mutual relations which theoretically bound together the Irish kingdoms. [61] The king of Aileach was so called because his palace was at Aileach, near Londonderry. His territory was north Ulster to the Bann. Ulaid was east Ulster; Oriel, south Ulster.