XIII. MATHEMATICS.--The chief source of our knowledge of the Mathematics of the Egyptians is the Rhind Papyrus in the British Museum (No. 10,057), which was written before 1700 B.C., probably during the reign of one of the Hyksos kings. The papyrus contains a number of simple arithmetical examples and several geometrical problems. The workings out of these prove that the Egyptian spared himself no trouble in making his calculations, and that he worked out both his arithmetical examples and problems in the most cumbrous and laborious way possible. He never studied mathematics in order to make progress in his knowledge of the science, but simply for purely practical everyday work; as long as his knowledge enabled him to obtain results which he knew from experience were substantially correct he was content. EDITIONS OF EGYPTIAN TEXTS, TRANSLATIONS, &c. AMÉLINEAU, E.--Morale Égyptien. Paris, 1892. 8vo. BERGMANN, E.--Das Buch vom Durchwandeln der Ewigkeit. Vienna, 1877. BIRCH, S.--Egyptian Texts from the Coffin of Amamu. London, 1886. Egyptian Hieratic Papyrus of Rameses III. London, 1876. BREASTED, J.H.--Ancient Records--Egypt. Chicago, 1906. BRUGSCH, H.--Sieben Jahre der Hungersnoth. Leipzig, 1891. Inscriptio Rosettana. Berlin, 1851. Neue Weltordnung. Berlin, 1881. Reise nach der grossen Oase. Leipzig, 1878. Rhind's zwei Bilingue Papyri. Leipzig, 1865. Shai an Sinsin. Berlin, 1851. BUDGE, E.A. WALLIS.--Book of the Dead, Egyptian Texts, Translation and Vocabulary, 2nd ed. London, 1909. Papyrus of Ani. London, 1913. Papyri of Hunefer, Anhai, Netchemet, Kersher, and Nu. London, 1899. Hieratic Papyri. Texts and translations. London, 1910. Book of Opening the Mouth, Liturgy of Funerary Offerings, The Book of Am-Tuat, The Book of Gates. London, 1906-1909. Legends of the Gods. London, 1912. Annals of Nubian Kings. London, 1912. Greenfield Papyrus. 1912. DE HORRACK, P.J.--Les Lamentations d'Isis. Paris, 1866. ERMAN, A.--Gespräch eines Lebensmüden. Berlin, 1896. Die Märchen des Papyrus Westcar. Berlin, 1890. GARDINER, A.H.--Egyptian Hieratic Texts, Part I. Leipzig, 1911. The Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage. Leipzig, 1909. Die Erzählung des Sinuhe. Leipzig, 1904. Die Klagen des Bauern. Leipzig, 1908. GRÉBAUT, E.--Hymne à Ammon-Rā. Paris, 1874. GRIFFITH, F. Ll.--Stories of the High Priests of Memphis. Oxford, 1900. GOLENISCHEFF, W.--Die Metternichstele. Leipzig, 1877. Le Conte du Naufragé. Cairo, 1912. Les Papyrus Hiératiques. St. Petersburg, 1913. JOACHIM, H.--Papyros Ebers. Berlin, 1890. LEFÉBURE, E.--Le Mythe Osirien. Paris, 1874. Traduction comparée des Hymnes. Paris, 1868. LEGRAIN, G.--Livre des Transformations. Paris, 1890. LIEBLEIN, J.--Le livre Égyptien, Que mon nom. Leipzig, 1895.