The logic of modern physicsBridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Philosophy
The logic of modern physics
Bridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Physics -- Philosophy
It is often said that quantum phenomena are inconsistent with ordinary
mechanics, and proofs of this assertion are often offered. I believe
that no such proof, in the spirit in which the attempt is usually made,
can be correct, for it seems to me that the remark of Poincaré applies,
namely, that any sort of behavior can be imitated by a mechanical
system, provided it is only complicated enough. A peremptory proof of
this can be given to any one who is not a believer in vitalism. If a
sentient being can be regarded as a mechanical system, we merely have to
station inside each atom a Maxwell demon, with instructions to make the
atom react according to quantum rules. Opposed to the spirit of this
sort of reduction of quantum phenomena to mechanical terms, we have to
remember that it makes sense to talk about the character of our
conceptual structure only when the number of concepts is reduced to the
number that have independent operational significance, that is, to the
minimum number.
In the meantime let us examine what may be the significance in the light
of present experiment of statements like those ascribed to Bohr that our
usual concepts of space and time may be inapplicable in dealing with
quantum phenomena. This idea is often given the more explicit form that
space and time may be essentially discontinuous at the quantum level.
From the operational point of view, it is most difficult to see exactly
what this more explicit statement means, at least in terms of those
operations by which length and time were originally defined. Thus if
space were discontinuous, it might mean that a point exists which may be
reached by laying off a meter stick fourteen times, for example, and
another point by laying off sixteen times, but that no point can be
found with fifteen applications. Such a state of affairs seems to be
inconsistent with our definition of the counting operation and to have
no concern with any properties of space; for what shall we mean by
laying off a meter stick sixteen times if it cannot be laid off fifteen
times? It is conceivable that space might end, in the sense that beyond
a certain limit there might be some irremovable physical hindrance to
the continued laying off of distances with a meter stick (although I
think that we should be inclined to describe such a state of affairs in
terms of matter enclosing empty space rather than as the end of space),
but to say that space may be discontinuous seems to be meaningless. In
the same way, I believe it meaningless to speak of discontinuous time.
We may have phenomena discontinuous in space and time, but not
discontinuous space or time.
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