A Sketch of the History of Mankind from the Earliest Times. By Prof. G. F. SCOTT ELLIOT, M.A.(Cantab), B.Sc.(Edin.), F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.R.G.S. With 56 Illustrations. 10s. 6d. net. SEELEY, SERVICE & CO. LTD. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: PRINCE IWAKURA. Descended from an ancient family of Court Nobles; he was a leading figure in the Restoration Movement, and in the Government subsequently formed. ] THE MAKING OF MODERN JAPAN AN ACCOUNT OF THE PROGRESS OF JAPAN FROM PRE-FEUDAL DAYS TO CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT & THE POSITION OF A GREAT POWER, WITH CHAPTERS ON RELIGION, THE COMPLEX FAMILY SYSTEM, EDUCATION, &c. BY J. H. GUBBINS, C.M.G., HON. M.A.(OXON.) LATE FIRST SECRETARY & JAPANESE SECRETARY OF BRITISH EMBASSY, TOKIO, AUTHOR OF “A DICTIONARY OF CHINESE-JAPANESE WORDS IN THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE,” “THE PROGRESS OF JAPAN,” “THE CIVIL CODE OF JAPAN,” &c., &c., &c. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON SEELEY, SERVICE & CO. LIMITED 38 GREAT RUSSELL STREET 1922 TO THE MEMORY OF MY WIFE PREFACE The Author’s thanks are due to His Excellency Baron G. Hayashi, H.I.J.M.’s Ambassador in London, for most kindly referring to a competent authority in Japan, for confirmation, a doubtful point in feudal land tenure; to Prince Iwakura, Marquis Ōkubo, and Marquis Kido for photographs of three of the eminent statesmen whose portraits appear; to the Right Honorable Sir Ernest Satow for the trouble he took in reading the MS. of the book; to Sir E. F. Crowe, C.M.G., Commercial Counsellor of the British Embassy in Tōkiō, for very useful help given in various ways; and to Miss Maud Oxenden for valuable assistance in proof-correcting. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE Early History—The Great Reform—Adoption of Chinese Culture 17 CHAPTER II Establishment of Feudalism and Duarchy—The Shōgunate and the Throne—Early Foreign Relations—Christian Persecution and Closure of Country 24 CHAPTER III The Tokugawa Shōguns—Consolidation of Duarchy 32 CHAPTER IV Political Conditions—Reopening of Japan to Foreign Intercourse—Conclusion of Treaties—Decay of Shōgunate 42