When we reflect that, on the other hand, a genuine lunatic may give proof of temporary genius, a phenomenon calculated to inspire the populace with an astonishment which soon produces veneration, we find a solid argument against those jurists and judges who, from the soundness and activity of the intellect, infer complete moral responsibility, to the total exclusion of the possibility of insanity. We also see our way to an interpretation of the mystery of genius, its contradictions, and those of its mistakes which any ordinary man would have avoided. And we can explain to ourselves how it is that madmen or mattoids, even with little or no genius (Passanante, Lazzaretti, Drabicius, Fourier, Fox), have been able to excite the populace, and sometimes even to bring about serious political revolutions. Better still shall we understand how those who were at once men of genius and insane (Mahomet, Luther, Savonarola, Schopenhauer), could--despising and overcoming obstacles which would have dismayed any cool and deliberate mind--hasten by whole centuries the unfolding of truth; and how such men have originated nearly all the religions, and certainly all the sects, which have agitated the world. The frequency of genius among lunatics and of madmen among men of genius, explains the fact that the destiny of nations has often been in the hands of the insane; and shows how the latter have been able to contribute so much to the progress of mankind. In short, by these analogies, and coincidences between the phenomena of genius and mental aberration, it seems as though nature had intended to teach us respect for the supreme misfortunes of insanity; and also to preserve us from being dazzled by the brilliancy of those men of genius who might well be compared, not to the planets which keep their appointed orbits, but to falling stars, lost and dispersed over the crust of the earth. APPENDIX. POETRY AND THE INSANE. The following letter was written by a druggist confined in the Asylum of Sainte-Anne:-- Sainte-Anne, le 26 février 1880. MADAME, Veuillez agréer l’hommage De ce modeste sonnet Et le tenir comme un gage De mon sincère respect. SONNET. Souvenez-vous, reine des dieux, Vierge des vierges, notre mère, Que vous êtes sur cette terre L’ange gardien mystérieux.[485] The same man addressed to M. Magnan a long poem on a dramatic representation accompanied by the following graceful _envoi_:-- VÉNÉRÉ DOCTEUR, L’estime et la reconnaissance Sont la seule monnaie du cœur Dont votre pauvre serviteur Dispose pour la récompense Qu’il doit à vos soins pleins d’honneur. Recevez donc cet humble hommage, Docteur admiré, révéré, Et j’ajouterai bien-aimé, Si vous vouliez tenir pour gage Qu’en cela du moins J’AI PAYE.[486]