Produced by John Williams and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, INCLUDING THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND NORTH OF NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE. BY ASA GRAY, LATE FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Sixth Edition. REVISED AND EXTENDED WESTWARD TO THE 100th MERIDIAN, BY SERENO WATSON, CURATOR OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, AND JOHN M. COULTER, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN WABASH COLLEGE, _ASSISTED BY SPECIALISTS IN CERTAIN GROUPS_. WITH TWENTY-FIVE PLATES, ILLUSTRATING THE SEDGES, GRASSES, FERNS, ETC. IVISON, BLAKEMAN, AND COMPANY, _PUBLISHERS_, NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 1890. _Copyright, 1889_, BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE. CONTENTS. Page PREFACE 1 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS 5 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS 19 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES 30 EXPLANATION OF SIGNS 32 FLORA.--PHÆNOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS 33 Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants 33 Angiospermous, Polypetalous 33 Gamopetalous 216 Apetalous 425 Gymnospermous Plants 489 Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants 495 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS 675 Vascular Acrogens, or Pteridophytes 675 Cellular Acrogens, or Bryophytes (Hepaticæ) 702 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 733 TABLE OF ORDERS 736 GLOSSARY 738 INDEX 749 PLATES, WITH EXPLANATIONS 761 PREFACE.