105. Empetraceæ (p. 487). Flowers polygamous or diœcious, scaly-bracted. Sepals somewhat petaloid or none. Embryo axile in copious albumen. [+] 6. Ovary 1-celled with a suspended ovule, becoming an achene; calyx none; aquatic herbs, with finely dissected whorled leaves. 106. Ceratophyllaceæ (p. 488). Flowers monœcious, minute, axillary and sessile. Albumen none; the seed filled with a highly developed embryo. SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. Ovules naked upon a scale, bract, or disk. Cotyledons two or more. 107. Coniferæ (p. 489). Resiniferous trees or shrubs, with mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped and evergreen leaves, and monœcious or diœcious flowers. CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Stems without central pith or annular layers, but having the woody fibres distributed irregularly through them (a transverse slice showing the fibres as dots scattered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a single cotyledon and the early leaves always alternate. Parts of the flower usually in threes (never in fives), and the leaves mostly parallel-veined. Our species herbaceous, excepting Smilax. [*] Ovary inferior (superior in Bromeliaceæ, nearly so in some Hemodoraceæ); at least the inner lobes of the perianth petal-like. [+] 1. Seeds without albumen, very numerous and minute. 108. Hydrocharidaceæ (p. 495). Aquatics, with diœcious or polygamous flowers from a spathe; outer perianth calyx-like, the inner sometimes wanting. Stamens 3--12. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentæ or 6--9-celled with axile placentæ. 109. Burmanniaceæ (p. 496). Terrestrial, with scale-like cauline leaves and regular perfect triandrous flowers. Perianth corolla-like. 110. Orchidaceæ (p. 497). Terrestrial, with very irregular perfect flowers. Stamens and style connate; anthers 1 or 2. Capsule 1-celled; placentæ 3, parietal. Perianth corolla-like. [+] 2. Seeds albuminous. (Ovary 3-celled and flowers regular in our genera.) 111. Bromeliaceæ (p. 511). Mostly epiphytes, with dry persistent scurfy leaves. Flowers 6-androus; outer perianth calyx-like. 112. Hemodoraceæ (p. 512). Fibrous-rooted, with equitant leaves and perfect 3- or 6-androus flowers. Perianth persistent, woolly or scurfy outside. (Ovary sometimes nearly free; leaves flat in Aletris.) 113. Iridaceæ (p. 513). Root not bulbous; leaves equitant in two ranks. Flowers from a spathe. Stamens 3, opposite the outer lobes of the corolla-like perianth; anthers extrorse. 114. Amaryllidaceæ (p. 515). Often bulbous-rooted and scapose. Perianth corolla-like. Stamens 6; anthers introrse. 115. Dioscoreaceæ (p. 517). Climbing, with net-veined leaves. Flowers diœcious, small, 6-androus; perianth calyx-like. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. [*][*] Ovary superior (very rarely partially adnate to the calyx in Liliaceæ). [+] 1. At least the inner perianth corolla-like; ovary compound; seeds with copious albumen.