8. S. Bigelòvii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, 2° high; leaves oval and oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends; thyrse rather loose; involucre broad.--S. Kan. and southward. Probably running into the next. 9. S. Lindheimeriàna, Scheele. Less puberulent; leaves lanceolate or oblong, more acute; heads narrower and more densely clustered; achenes glabrous.--S. Kan. and southward. [++][++] _Northern or mountain species, bright green._ 10. S. macrophýlla, Pursh. _Stem stout_ (1--4° high), _wand-like_, pubescent near the summit, simple; _leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serrate with sharp salient teeth, large_ (lower 3--4´ long), all but the uppermost abruptly contracted into _long and margined petioles; heads large_ (5--6´´ long), many-flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2--18´ long); scales loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8--10, elongated; achenes smooth. (S. thyrsoidea, _E. Mey_.)--Wooded sides of mountains, N. Maine to N. Y. (south to the Catskills), shore of L. Superior and northward.--Very near a European form of S. Virgaurea. 11. S. Virgaùrea, Linn. An extremely variable and confused species in the Old World, represented in North America by Var. alpìna, Bigel. Dwarf (1--8´ high), with few (1--12) pretty large heads (3--4´´ long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves thickish, mostly smooth, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse, finely serrate or nearly entire, the uppermost lanceolate; heads few in a terminal cluster or subsolitary in the upper axils; _scales_ lanceolate, _acute or acutish_; rays about 12.--Alpine summits of Maine, N. H., and N. Y., and shore of L. Superior. 12. S. hùmilis, Pursh. Low (6--12´ high) and smooth, bearing several or numerous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, etc., are mostly somewhat glutinous; _scales obtuse_; rays 6--8, short; upper leaves lanceolate to linear, entire, the lower becoming spatulate and sparingly serrate. (S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, _Gray_.)--Rocky banks, W. Vt., along the Great Lakes, and northward; also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, and at the Falls of the Potomac.--At the base of the White Mountains, on gravelly banks, occurs a form with the minutely pubescent stout stem 1--2° high, the leaves larger, broader, and coarsely toothed, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme; rays occasionally almost white. Var. Gillmàni, Gray. Larger (2° high), rigid, with compound ample panicle and laciniately toothed leaves.--Sand-hills of the lake-shores, N. Mich. [+][+][+] _Heads small or middle-sized (large in n. 13 and 17), panicled or sometimes thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme; not alpine._ [++] _Leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved._ [=] 1. _Heads commonly large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated._