1. H. læ̀vis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1--4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate; scales (as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus none or of 2--4 obscure teeth.--Banks and copses, N. Y. to Ill. and southward. Aug. 2. H. scàbra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or 3 conspicuous teeth. (H. lævis, var. scabra, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Western N. Y. to Minn., Mo., and southward. 48. ECHINÀCEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border.--Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single large head; leaves chiefly alternate, 3--5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent; disk purplish. (Name formed from ἐχῖνος, _the hedgehog_, or _sea-urchin_, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.) 1. E. purpùrea, Moench. _Leaves_ rough, often serrate; the lowest _ovate, 5-nerved_, veiny, long-petioled; the others _ovate-lanceolate_; involucre imbricated in 3--5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly, as well as the leaves.--Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Va. to Iowa, and southward; occasionally adv. eastward. July.--Rays 15--20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1--2´ long or more. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the name of _Black Sampson_.--Very variable, and probably connects with 2. E. angustifòlia, DC. _Leaves_, as well as the slender simple stem, _bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire_; involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; rays 12--15 (2´ long), rose-color or red.--Plains from Ill. and Wisc., southwestward. June--Aug. 49. RUDBÉCKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species), smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border.--Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads; the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of the _Professors Rudbeck_, father and son, predecessors of Linnæus at Upsal.) [*] _Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow; leaves divided and cut._