As previously remarked in the case of vanillin, it is becoming more and more the custom to substitute perfume substances for powdered spices. This practice is quite justified since the entire perfume of a spice is made use of and the worthless woody and indigestible fibre is thus excluded from the finished preparation. The following are the ether oils used in practice: 1. Cinnamon oil, 2. Clove oil, 3. Cardamom oil, 4. Coriander oil, 5. Nutmeg oil (ethereal), 6. Mace oil (ethereal). The amount of ether oil that should be used in place of the corresponding spice is a matter of taste. The maximum percentage of the oil in the respective spice might serve as a standard, as for example in the case of cinnamon oil, which is contained in the bark to the extent of 1 percent, about the hundredth part of the oil would be required to correspond with the prescribed weight of the bark. But as the yield of oil from one and the same kind of spice varies to a considerable extent according to season and locality, the percentage value can only be used as a general guide, and the final decision must be always regulated by the taste. The ethereal oils can be incorporated in the cacao preparations (mass, powder etc.) either in a spirit solution or ground down with sugar. The latter method is naturally only used when sugar is to be added to cacao preparations. To prepare the alcoholic solution 10 parts of the ethereal oil are dissolved in 90 parts of strong alcohol. The mixture of oil with sugar can be made by triturating 2·5 parts of the ethereal oil with 100 parts of sugar in a porcelain mortar and grinding down with the pestle until the sugar and oil are intimately mixed. Of the alcoholic solution it is necessary to take 10 parts, and of the oil-sugar 40 parts to one part of ethereal oil. II. ~Peru balsam and Gum benzoin.~ Peru balsam is at present very much used as a perfume in chocolate making. It is obtained from the ~Papilionaceous Myroxylon Pereira~ which is indigenous to the western part of Central America. It is a thick, brownish black, liquid balsam which in thin layers appears transparent and has a peculiar smell and burning taste; it is almost completely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and acetic ether. The aromatic substance of this balsam is cinnameïn, which consists essentially of the esters of benzoic and cinnamic acids and benzyl alcohol together with an alcoholic body “Peruviol”, which has the smell of honey. In addition to cinnameïn (71-77 percent) the balsam also contains a resin ester (13-17 percent). According to K. Dieterich, Peru balsam is the better for containing more cinnameïn and less resin ester. Peru balsam is adulterated with fatty oils, copaiva, gurjun-balsam, storax, colophony, turpentine, and tolu balsam. In regard to the chemical investigation of this balsam the work of K. Dieterich[159] may be consulted.