=Tin White= is used for earthenware enamels. It is obtained by treating granulated metallic tin with very strong fuming nitric acid. The heavy, white powder which is formed is separated from the undissolved tin by floating. Tin white has no application as a pigment; when mixed with glazes it gives them a handsome, milky appearance. =Manganese White.=—When large quantities of a solution of impure manganese chloride are at hand, such as are produced in the preparation of chlorine, manganese carbonate may be obtained. A small quantity of soda solution is first added and the liquid left for several days so that the oxide of iron may separate. When this is the case an addition of soda gives a pure white precipitate. =Magnesia White or Mineral White= is obtained, according to T. H. Cobley, by mixing a solution of magnesium sulphate with calcium chloride, adding 10 per cent. of aluminium chloride to the mixture and stirring in slaked lime so long as a precipitate is formed. A cheaper process is to precipitate mixed solutions of magnesium and aluminium sulphates by slaked lime. =Annaline.=—A white pigment is recommended for use under this name; it consists of dead-burnt gypsum, which has been converted into a fine powder by grinding and levigating. (Dead-burnt gypsum has been so strongly heated that it is not able to again unite with water.) To obtain paler shades of certain colours, additions are made of natural pigments, such as chalk, which has been converted into a very fine powder by levigation. An addition of chalk to a heavy mineral pigment, such as chrome yellow, is not advisable; it would, besides, seriously diminish its covering power. * * * * * In the preceding pages, a large number of white pigments has been enumerated. It would be easily possible to increase the list, but the result would be of no practical interest, for other pigments, neither in respect of quality nor price, can compete with the cheaper white pigments. Although white lead has at the present time an enormous use, it is to be hoped that this pigment, of good colour but little permanence, may be replaced entirely in the course of time by zinc white, and for some purposes by enamel white. White pigments, in addition to their use alone, are employed to produce tints, which are obtained by mixing deeper colours with the white pigment. By adding the proper quantity of white to a colour it is possible to produce all paler shades of that colour. For example, the different varieties of the red lakes which are found in commerce are obtained by mixing white pigments with the deep red lakes.