PAGE PREFACE v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL NOTICE 1 II. CELLULOSE AND PAPER-MAKING FIBRES 20 III. THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER FROM RAGS 47 IV. ESPARTO AND STRAW 72 V. WOOD PULP, AND WOOD PULP PAPERS 95 VI. BROWN PAPERS AND BOARDS 126 VII. SPECIAL KINDS OF PAPER 137 VIII. CHEMICALS USED IN PAPER-MAKING 153 IX. THE PROCESS OF "BEATING" 175 X. THE DYEING AND COLOURING OF PAPER PULP 199 XI. PAPER MILL MACHINERY 214 XII. THE DETERIORATION OF PAPER 229 XIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 253 INDEX 273 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. PAGE 1. SHEET OF PAPYRUS, SHOWING THE LAYERS CROSSING ONE ANOTHER 3 2. AN EARLY PAPER MILL (FROM "KULTURHISTORISCHEN BILDERBUCH," A.D. 1564) 10 3. THE PAPER MILL OF ULMAN STROMER, A.D. 1390 (SUPPOSED TO BE THE OLDEST KNOWN DRAWING OF A PAPER MILL) 12 4. THE FIRST PAPER MACHINE, A.D. 1802. PLAN AND ELEVATION 17 5. THE IMPROVED PAPER MACHINE OF A.D. 1810 18 6. A RAG SORTING HOUSE 47 7. A RAG DUSTER 49 8. A RAG CUTTER 50 9. INTERIOR OF PAPER MILL FOR HAND-MADE PAPER (R. BATCHELOR & SONS) 51 10. VIEW OF A RAG BOILER, SHOWING CONNECTIONS 52 11. A BREAKING AND WASHING ENGINE 54 12. OETTEL AND HAAS' APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ELECTROLYTIC BLEACH LIQUOR 58 13. THE "HOLLANDER" BEATING ENGINE 59 14. THE HAND MOULD, SHOWING FRAME AND DECKLE 61 15. APPARATUS FOR SIZING PAPER IN CONTINUOUS ROLLS 63 16. A SUPERCALENDER 65 17. THE FIRST WATERMARK IN PAPER 67 18. COTTON 69