"(8) The Chinese were not only the inventors of felted paper and the imitators of rag paper--though in the preparation of the latter they made use of rags only as a surrogate by the side of raw fibres--but they must also be credited with being the forerunners of the modern method of preparing 'cellulose paper.' For their very ancient practice of extracting the fibre from the bark and other parts of plants by means of maceration is in principle identical with the modern method of extracting 'cellulose' by means of certain chemical processes." [Illustration: FIG. 2.--An Early Paper Mill (from "Kulturhistorisches Bilderbuch," A.D. 1564).] _Paper-making in Europe._--The introduction of the art into Europe seems to have taken place early in the eleventh century, when the Moors manufactured paper at Toledo. The early authorities who have studied this subject express the opinion that the paper produced in Europe at this time was made from cotton rags and from raw cotton, but, in view of the recent researches into the composition of paper, it is difficult to say how this idea arose, unless we accept the explanation offered by Professor Karabacek. In standard encyclopædias the following statements are made as to existing early documents printed on paper made in Europe:-- A.D. 1075. Syriac manuscripts of early date in the British Museum. A.D. 1102. A document printed on cotton, being a deed of King Roger of Sicily, now at Vienna. A.D. 1178. A treaty of peace between the Kings of Aragon and Spain, said to be printed on linen paper, preserved at Barcelona. A.D. 1223. The "Liber Plegierum," printed on rough cotton paper. One of the most interesting books on this subject is the "Historical Account of the Substances used to describe Events from the Earliest Date," by Matthias Koops, published in 1800. This writer appears to have obtained most of his information from German authorities. The industry of paper-making passed through Spain into Italy, France, and the Netherlands. In 1189 paper was being manufactured at Hainault, in France, and the industry rapidly spread all over the Continent. In 1390 Ulman Stromer established a mill at Nuremberg, in Germany, employing a great number of men, who were obliged to take an oath that they would not teach anyone the art of paper-making or make paper on their own account. In the sixteenth century the Dutch endeavoured to protect their industry by making the exportation of moulds for paper-making an offence punishable by death. The bulk of the paper used in England was imported from France and Holland, and it was many years before the industry was established in England. This is not surprising in view of the protective and conservative policy of the Continental paper-makers. [Illustration: FIG. 3.--The Paper Mill of Ulman Stromer, A.D. 1390 (supposed to be the oldest known drawing of a Paper Mill).]