The Mathematical Theory of RelativityEddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Science
The Mathematical Theory of Relativity
Eddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Relativity (Physics)
It is often convenient to use the mixed tensor~$T_{\mu}^{\nu}$ in place of~$T^{\mu\nu}$. For
Galilean coordinates we obtain from~\Eq{(53.5)}\footnote
{E.g.\ $T_{2}^{1} = \rho_{\sigma 2} T^{\sigma 1} = 0 - T^{21} + 0 + 0$.}
\[
\begin{array}[t]{r}
T_{\mu}^{\nu} \\
\MuNuarrow
\end{array}
=
\begin{array}[t]{@{}c@{,\quad}c@{,\quad}c@{,\quad}c@{}}
-p_{xx} - \rho u^{2} & -p_{yx} - \rho vu & -p_{zx} - \rho wu & \rho u\Add{,} \\
-p_{xy} - \rho uv & -p_{yy} - \rho v^{2} & -p_{yz} - \rho wv & \rho v\Add{,} \\
-p_{xz} - \rho uw & -p_{yz} - \rho vw & -p_{zz} - \rho w^{2} & \rho w\Add{,} \\
-\rho u & -\rho v & -\rho w & \rho\Add{.} \\
\end{array}
\Tag{(53.91)}
\]
\PageSep{119}
The equation equivalent to~\Eq{(53.82)} is then
\[
\frac{\dd T_{\mu}^{\nu}}{\dd x_{\nu}} = (-\rho X,-\rho Y,-\rho Z, \rho S).
\Tag{(53.92)}
\]
That is to say $\dd T_{\mu}^{\nu}/\dd x_{\nu}$ is the rate of creation of negative momentum and of
positive mass or energy in unit volume.
\Section{54.}{New derivation of Einstein's law of gravitation}
\index{Continuous matter, gravitation in}%
\index{Einstein's law of gravitation!in continuous matter}%
We have found that for Galilean coordinates
\[
\Chg{\dd T^{\mu\nu}/\dd x_{\nu}}{\frac{\dd T^{\mu\nu}}{\dd x_{\nu}}} = 0.
\Tag{(54.1)}
\]
This is evidently a particular case of the tensor equation
\[
(T^{\mu\nu})_{\nu} = 0.
\Tag{(54.21)}
\]
Or we may use the equivalent equation
\[
(T_{\mu}^{\nu})_{\nu} = 0,
\Tag{(54.22)}
\]
which results from lowering the suffix~$\mu$. In other words the divergence of
\index{Divergence!energy@of energy-tensor}%
the energy-tensor vanishes.
Taking the view that energy, stress, and momentum belong to the world
(space-time) and not to some extraneous substance in the world, we must
identify the energy-tensor with some fundamental tensor, i.e.\ a tensor belonging
to the fundamental series derived from~$g_{\mu\nu}$.
The fact that the divergence of~$T_{\mu}^{\nu}$ vanishes points to an identification
with $(G_{\mu}^{\nu} - \frac{1}{2}g_{\mu}^{\nu} G)$ whose divergence vanishes \emph{identically} (\SecRef{52}). Accordingly
we set
\[
G_{\mu}^{\nu} - \tfrac{1}{2}g_{\mu}^{\nu} G - 8\pi T_{\mu}^{\nu},
\Tag{(54.3)}
\]
the factor~$8\pi$ being introduced for later convenience in coordinating the units.
To pass from \Eq{(54.1)} to \Eq{(54.21)} involves an appeal to the hypothetical
Principle of Equivalence; but by taking \Eq{(54.3)} as our fundamental equation
\index{Identification, Principle of}%
\index{Principle!of identification}%
of gravitation \Eq{(54.21)}~becomes an identity requiring no hypothetical assumption.
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