The Mathematical Theory of RelativityEddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Science
The Mathematical Theory of Relativity
Eddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Relativity (Physics)
By means of the results~\Eq{(43.5)} the~$G_{\mu\nu}$ can be calculated for either Einstein's
or de~Sitter's forms of the world. De~Sitter's equation~\Eq{(67.33)} is of the standard
form with $\chi$~substituted for~$r$, and
\[
e^{\lambda} = R^{2},\quad
e^{\mu} = R^{2} \sin^{2}\chi/\chi^{2},\quad
e^{\nu} = R^{2} \cos^{2}\chi,
\]
thus
\begin{gather*}
\lambda' = 0,\quad
\mu' = 2\cot\chi - 2\chi,\quad
\nu' = -2\tan\chi,\displaybreak[0] \\
\mu'' = -2\cosec^{2}\chi + 2/\chi^{2},\quad
\nu'' = -2\sec^{2}\chi.
\end{gather*}
Hence by~\Eq{(43.5)} we find after an easy reduction
\[
G_{11} = -3,\
G_{22} = -3\sin^{2}\chi,\
G_{33} = -3\sin^{2}\chi \sin^{2}\theta,\
G_{44} = 3\cos^{2}\chi.
\]
These are equivalent to
\[
G_{\mu\nu} = \frac{3}{R^{2}}\, g_{\mu\nu}.
\Tag{(69.11)}
\]
De~Sitter's world thus corresponds to the revised form of the law of gravitation
\[
G_{\mu\nu} = \lambda g_{\mu\nu},
\]
and its radius is given by
\[
\lambda = \frac{3}{R^{2}}.
\Tag{(69.12)}
\]
Einstein's form~\Eq{(67.12)} gives similarly
\[
e^{\lambda} = R^{2},\quad
e^{\mu} = R^{2}\sin^{2}\chi/\chi^{2},\quad
e^{\nu} = 1,
\]
from which by~\Eq{(43.5)}
\begin{gather*}
G_{11} = -2,\
G_{22} = -2\sin^{2}\chi,\
G_{33} = -2\sin^{2}\chi \sin^{2}\theta,\
G_{44} = 0,
\Tag{(69.21)} \\
G = 6/R^{2}.
\Tag{(69.22)}
\end{gather*}
It is not possible to reconcile these values with the law $G_{\mu\nu} = \lambda g_{\mu\nu}$, owing to
the vanishing of~$G_{44}$. Einstein's form cannot be the natural form of empty
space; but it may nevertheless be the actual form of the world if the matter
in the world is suitably distributed. To determine the necessary distribution
we must calculate the energy-tensor~\Eq{(54.71)}
\[
-8\pi T_{\mu\nu} = G_{\mu\nu} - \tfrac{1}{2}g_{\mu\nu}G + \lambda g_{\mu\nu}.
\]
%\PageSep{160}
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