The Mathematical Theory of RelativityEddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Science
The Mathematical Theory of Relativity
Eddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Relativity (Physics)
The coordinate-frame $(r, t)$ of a single observer does not cover the whole
world. The range from $t = -\infty$ to $t = +\infty$ corresponds to values of~$\xi/z$
between~$±1$. The whole experience of any one observer of infinite longevity
is comprised within a $90°$~lune. Changing the origin we can have another
observer whose experience covers a different lune. The two observers cannot
communicate the non-overlapping parts of their experience, since there are
no light-tracks (generators) taking the necessary course.
A further question has been raised, Is de~Sitter's world really empty? In
\index{Horizon of world}%
\index{Mass-horizon of world}%
formula~\Eq{(70.1)} there is a singularity at $r = \Chg{\surd(3/\lambda)}{\sqrt{3/\lambda}}$ similar to the singularity
at $r = 2m$ in the solution for a particle of matter. Must we not suppose that
the former singularity also indicates matter---a ``mass-horizon'' or ring of
peripheral matter necessary in order to distend the empty region within. If
so, it would seem that de~Sitter's world cannot exist without large quantities
of matter any more than Einstein's; he has merely swept the dust away into
unobserved corners.
A singularity of~$ds^{2}$ does not necessarily indicate material particles, for
we can introduce or remove such singularities by making transformations of
coordinates. It is impossible to know whether to blame the world-structure
or the inappropriateness of the coordinate-system. In a finite region we avoid
this difficulty by choosing a coordinate-system initially appropriate---how this
\PageSep{166}
is done is very little understood---and permitting only transformations which
have no singularity in the region. But we can scarcely apply this to a
consideration of the whole finite world since all the ordinary analytical transformations
\index{Mass of the world, total}%
\index{World!mass of}%
(even a change of origin) introduce a singularity somewhere. If
de~Sitter's form for an empty world is right it is impossible to find any
coordinate-system which represents the whole of real space-time regularly.
This is no doubt inconvenient for the mathematician, but I do not see that
the objection has any other consequences.
The whole of de~Sitter's world can be reached by a process of continuation;
that is to say the finite experience of an observer~$A$ extends over a certain
lune; he must then hand over the description to~$B$ whose experience is partly
overlapping and partly new; and so on by overlapping lunes. The equation
$G_{\mu\nu} = \lambda g_{\mu\nu}$ rests on the considerations of \SecRef{66}, and simply by continuation of
this equation from point to point we arrive at de~Sitter's complete world
without encountering any barrier or mass-horizon.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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