The Mathematical Theory of RelativityEddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Science
The Mathematical Theory of Relativity
Eddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Relativity (Physics)
Again
\begin{align*}
\delta (\kappa_{\alpha} \kappa^{\alpha} \sqrt{-g})
&= \kappa_{\alpha} \kappa_{\beta}\, \delta(g^{\alpha\beta} \sqrt{-g})
+ g^{\alpha\beta} \sqrt{-g} (\kappa_{\alpha}\, \delta\kappa_{\beta} + \kappa_{\beta}\, \delta\kappa_{\alpha}) \\
&= \kappa_{\alpha} \kappa_{\beta} \sqrt{-g} (\delta g^{\alpha\beta} + \tfrac{1}{2} g^{\alpha\beta} g^{\mu\nu}\, \delta g_{\mu\nu})
+ 2g^{\alpha\beta} \sqrt{-g}\, \kappa_{\beta}\, \delta\kappa_{\alpha}) \\
&= \kappa_{\alpha} \kappa_{\beta} \sqrt{-g} (-g^{\mu\alpha} g^{\nu\beta} + \tfrac{1}{2} g^{\alpha\beta} g^{\mu\nu})\, \delta g_{\mu\nu}
+ 2\kappa^{\alpha} \sqrt{-g}\, \delta\kappa_{\alpha} \\
&= \sqrt{-g} (-\kappa^{\mu} \kappa^{\nu} + \tfrac{1}{2} g^{\mu\nu} \kappa_{\alpha} \kappa^{\alpha})\, \delta g_{\mu\nu}
+ 2\kappa^{\alpha} \sqrt{-g}\, \delta\kappa_{\alpha}.
\end{align*}
Hence
\begin{align*}
\frac{\Ham}{\Ham g_{\mu\nu}} (\kappa_{\alpha} \kappa^{\alpha})
&= (-\kappa^{\mu} \kappa^{\nu} + \tfrac{1}{2} g^{\mu\nu} \kappa_{\alpha} \kappa^{\alpha}),
\Tag{(90.41)} \\
\frac{\Ham}{\Ham \kappa_{\alpha}} (\kappa_{\alpha} \kappa^{\alpha})
&= 2\kappa^{\alpha}.
\Tag{(90.42)}
\end{align*}
Hamiltonian derivatives of the other terms in~\Eq{(90.3)} have already been found
in \Eq{(60.43)}, \Eq{(79.31)} and~\Eq{(79.32)}. Collecting these results we have
\begin{align*}
\frac{1}{8\lambda}\, \frac{\Ham A}{\Ham g_{\mu\nu}}
&= -(G^{\mu\nu} - \tfrac{1}{2} g^{\mu\nu} G)
- 6(\kappa^{\mu} \kappa^{\nu} - \tfrac{1}{2} g^{\mu\nu} \kappa_{\alpha} \kappa^{\alpha})
- \lambda g^{\mu\nu} - 2\beta E^{\mu\nu} \\
&= 8\pi T^{\mu\nu} - 2\beta E^{\mu\nu} - 6(\kappa^{\mu} \kappa^{\nu} - \tfrac{1}{2} g^{\mu\nu} \kappa_{\alpha} \kappa^{\alpha})
\Tag{(90.51)}
\end{align*}
by~\Eq{(54.71)}; and
\[
\frac{1}{8\lambda}\, \frac{\Ham A}{\Ham \kappa_{\mu}}
= 12\kappa^{\mu} + 4\beta J^{\mu}.
\Tag{(90.52)}
\]
\PageSep{211}
If the hypothesis~\Eq{(90.2)} is correct, these must vanish. The vanishing of~\Eq{(90.51)}
shows that the whole energy-tensor consists of the electromagnetic
energy-tensor together with another term, which must presumably be identified
with the material energy-tensor attributable to the binding forces of the
electrons\footnotemark.\footnotetext
{I doubt if this is the right interpretation. See the end of \SecRef{100}.}
The constant~$2\beta/8\pi$ correlates the natural gravitational and
electromagnetic units. The material energy-tensor, being the difference between
the whole tensor and the electromagnetic part, is accordingly
\[
M^{\mu\nu} = \frac{3}{4\pi} (\kappa^{\mu} \kappa^{\nu} - \tfrac{1}{2} g^{\mu\nu} \kappa_{\alpha} \kappa^{\alpha}).
\Tag{(90.61)}
\]
Hence, multiplying by~$g_{\mu\nu}$,
\[
\rho_{0} = M = -\frac{3}{4\pi}\, \kappa_{\alpha} \kappa^{\alpha}.
\Tag{(90.62)}
\]
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