These bowls, each decorated with a roughly modeled human face, are
manufactured by the modern Indians and used by them in burning copal
gum in the ruins of the temples erected by their ancestors. Figure 70
shows a life-sized hollow head, in rough pottery, with a thin hollow
neck, probably used to carry around in processions on the top of a
long pole. There can be no doubt that these bowls and hourglass-shaped
vessels, each decorated externally with a human figure or face, usually
that of a god, were used as incense burners, since a number of them, as
already stated, were found in a mound at Santa Rita with half burnt out
incense still contained in them. Moreover, their use for this purpose
persists to the present day among the Lacandones[50] and even among the
Santa Cruz Indians. These incense burners occur most frequently in the
central part of the Maya area and are not common in northern Yucatan
or southern Guatemala. Three distinct types are found: The first
include the large, well-modeled specimens found in and around burial
mounds, decorated with the complete figure of the god (usually Cuculcan
or Itzamna), having every detail in clothing and ornament carefully
executed in high relief. These are all probably pre-Columbian, and such
as have been found seem to have been used only as ceremonial mortuary
incense burners, to be broken into fragments (which were scattered
through or over the burial mound) immediately after use.
The specimen shown in plate 20 and figure 67 is a typical example of
this class.
Incense burners of the second type are smaller, cruder, and probably
later in date than those of the first type. Some of these are decorated
with the entire figure, but more of them with the face only of the god.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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