| Bur oak | 836 | 98.0 | | White ash | 828 | 97.1 | | Red oak | 778 | 91.2 | | Sugar maple | 742 | 87.0 | | Rock elm | 696 | 81.6 | | Beech | 607 | 71.2 | | Slippery elm | 599 | 70.2 | | Redwood | 578 | 67.8 | | Bald cypress | 548 | 64.3 | | Red maple | 531 | 62.3 | | Hackberry | 525 | 61.6 | | Incense cedar | 518 | 60.8 | | Hemlock | 497 | 58.3 | | Longleaf pine | 491 | 57.6 | | Tamarack | 480 | 56.3 | | Silver maple | 456 | 53.5 | | Yellow birch | 454 | 53.2 | | Tupelo | 451 | 52.9 | | Black cherry | 444 | 52.1 | | Sycamore | 433 | 50.8 | | Douglas fir | 427 | 50.1 | | Cucumber tree | 408 | 47.8 | | Shortleaf pine | 400 | 46.9 | | Red pine | 358 | 42.0 | | Sugar pine | 353 | 41.1 | | White elm | 351 | 41.2 | | Western yellow pine | 348 | 40.8 | | Lodgepole pine | 348 | 40.8 | | Red spruce | 345 | 40.5 | | White pine | 314 | 36.8 | | Engelman spruce | 290 | 34.0 | | Arborvitæ | 288 | 33.8 | | Largetooth aspen | 269 | 31.5 | | White spruce | 262 | 30.7 | | Butternut | 258 | 30.3 | | Buckeye (yellow) | 210 | 24.6 | | Basswood | 209 | 24.5 | | Black willow | 193 | 22.6 | |-------------------------------------------------------| The complexity of the computations depends upon the way in which the stress is applied and the manner in which the stick bends. Ordinarily where the length of the test specimen is not greater than four diameters and the ends are squarely faced (see Fig. 7), the force acts uniformly over each square inch of area and the crushing strength is equal to the maximum load (P) divided { P } by the area of the cross-section (A). { C = --- } { A } [Illustration: FIG. 7.--Endwise compression of a short column.]