Palæoxylon (_coniferous wood of the Coal Measures_).--The existence of coniferous trees in the Carboniferous flora, and the fact that their trunks and branches had contributed to the formation of coal, was first discovered and clearly demonstrated by Mr. Witham in the work to which reference has been made. Figures of the peculiar structure observable in thin slices of coal, are given in _Obs. Foss. Veg._ pl. iii. iv. v. This carbonized wood resembles that of the Araucariæ in the multiple series of ducts, and their alternate arrangement; but the presence of thick compound medullary rays in these stems,--a character unknown in any living conifers,--led M. Brongniart to place them in a separate genus--_Palæoxylon_ (ancient wood); characterized by the presence of medullary rays formed of numerous layers of cells, which are not arranged in superimposed series, and that present a lanceolate or oval form, in a section perpendicular to their direction.[137] [137] The _Pinites Withami_, and _P. medullaris_, of Lindley and Hutton, figured in Mr. Witham's work, belong to this genus. It may interest the reader to know that slices of these woods prepared for the microscope by Mr. Nicol, (presented to me by the late Dr. Henry, of Manchester,) not only expose the vegetable organization in an admirable manner, but also form beautiful objects for the exhibition of polarization. Peuce.--Another species of coniferous wood from the coal is thus named; it differs from the former in the medullary rays being composed but of one layer of superposed cells. Araucarites (_Dadoxylon of Endlechen_).--This term is employed to designate the fossil wood whose structure is apparently identical with that of the living species of Araucariæ, having the same kind of medullary rays, and the ligneous fibres studded with discs or areolæ, which are polygonal, often hexagonal, and disposed in several alternating series. This wood is common in the Lias, Oolite, Wealden, and Chalk. Drifted fragments of coniferous wood of this type occur in the Stonesfield slate, associated with leaves and fruits of cycadeæ, and with marine shells, bones of reptiles, fishes, and mammalia; at Scarborough, with the ferns and zamiæ previously described; at Swindon, in the Portland oolite, with belemnites, ammonites, trigoniæ, &c. [Sidenote: STERNBERGIA.]