[101] Kögel, i. 1. 122, quoting Paulus Diaconus, i. 27. [102] Kögel, i. 1. 122; i. 2. 220; Gautier, i. 72; G. Paris, _Hist. Poét. de Charlemagne_, 50; cf. _Poeta Saxo_ (†890) in _M. G. H. Scriptores_, i. 268 ‘est quoque iam notum; vulgaria carmina magnis laudibus eius avos et proavos celebrant. Pippinos, Karolos, Hludiwicos et Theodricos, et Carlomannos Hlothariosque canunt.’ [103] Gautier, i. 37; Gröber, ii. 1. 447. The shades of opinion on the exact relation of the _cantilenae_ to the _chansons de gestes_ are numerous. [104] _Vita S. Willelmi_ (_Acta SS. Maii_, vi. 801) ‘qui chori iuvenum, qui conventus populorum, praecipue militum ac nobilium virorum, quae vigiliae sanctorum dulce non resonant, et modulatis vocibus decantant qualis et quantus fuerit’; cf. Gautier, i. 66. The merest fragments of such folk-song heroic _cantilenae_ are left. A German one, the Ludwigslied, on the battle of Saucourt (881) is in Müllenhoff und Scherer, _Denkmäler deutscher Poesie und Prosa_ (1892), N^o. xi; cf. Kögel, i. 2. 86; Gautier, i. 62. And a few lines of a (probably) French one on an event in the reign of Clotaire (†620) are translated into Latin in Helgarius (†853-76), _Vita S. Faronis_ (_Historiens de France_, iii. 505; Mabillon, _Acta SS. Benedictinorum_, ii. 610). Helgarius calls the song a ‘carmen rusticum’ and says ‘ex qua victoria carmen publicum iuxta rusticitatem per omnium pene volitabat ora ita canentium, feminaeque choros inde plaudendo componebant.’ The _Vita S. Faronis_ in _Acta SS._ lx. 612, which is possibly an abridgement of Helgarius, says ‘carmine rustico ... suavi cantilena decantabatur’; cf. Gautier, i. 47; Gröber, ii. 1. 446. [105] Ten Brink, i. 148, quotes from _Hist. Ely_, ii. 27 (†1166), a fragment of a song on Canute, ‘quae usque hodie in choris publice cantantur,’ and mentions another instance from Wm. of Malmesbury. Cf. _de Gestis Herewardi Saxonis_ (Michel, _Chron. Anglo-Norm._ ii. 6) ‘mulieres et puellae de eo in choris canebant,’ and for Scotland the song on Bannockburn (1314) which, says Fabyan, _Chronicle_ (ed. Ellis), 420, ‘was after many days sungyn in dances, in carolles of ye maydens and mynstrellys of Scotlande’; cf. also Gummere, _B. P._ 265.