[165] _Aucassin et Nicolete_ (†1150-1200), ed. Bourdillon (1897), 22. The term ‘caitif’ has puzzled the editors. Surely the minstrel has in mind the abusive epithets with which the clergy bespattered his profession. See Appendix B. [166] See especially _Le Tombeor de Notre Dame_ (_Romania_, ii. 315). Novati (_Rom._ xxv. 591) refers to a passage quoted by Augustine, _de Civ. Dei_, vi. 10, from the lost work of Seneca, _de Superstitionibus_, ‘doctus archimimus, senex iam decrepitus, cotidie in Capitolio mimum agebat, quasi dii libenter spectarent quem illi homines desierant.’ Somewhat similar are _Don Cierge qui descendi au Jougleour_ (Gautier de Coincy), _Miracles de Nostre Dame_ (†1223, ed. Poquet, 1859), and _Le Harpeor de Roncestre_ (Michel, _Roms., Contes, Dits, Fabl._ ii. 108). _Saint Pierre et le Jongleur_ (Montaiglon Raynaud, v. 117) is a witty tale, in which a minstrel, left in charge of hell, loses so many souls to St. Peter at dice, that no minstrel has been allowed there since. B. Joannes Bonus (_Acta SS. Oct._ ix. 693) was a minstrel in his youth, but the patron saints of the minstrels were always St. Genesius the mime (cf. p. 10), and St. Julian Hospitator (_Acta SS. Jan._ iii. 589), who built a hospital and once entertained an angel unawares. [167] Paris, 113; Bédier, 333. [168] Brooke, _Eng. Lit._ 305; Ten Brink, i. 149. [169] Sophus Bugge, in _Bidrag til den aeldste Skaldedigtnings Historie_ (1894; cf. L. Duvau in _Rev. Celt._ xvii. 113), holds that Skaldic poetry began in the Viking raids of the eighth and ninth centuries, under the influence of the Irish _filid_. The tenth-century skald as described in the _Raven-Song_ of Hornklofi at the court of Harold Fair-hair is very like the _scôp_ (_C. P. B._ i. 254), and here too tumblers and buffoons have found their way. Cf. Kögel, i. 1. 111; E. Mogk, in Paul, _Grundriss_^2, iii. 248. [170] Guy of Amiens, _de Bello Hastingensi_ (†1068), 391, 399: ‘Histrio, cor audax nimium quem nobilitabat ...  ... Incisor-ferri mimus cognomine dictus.’ Wace, _Roman de Rou_ (†1170) (ed. Andresen, iii. 8035): ‘Taillefer, ki mult bien chantout, Sor un cheval ki tost alout, Devant le duc alout chantant De Karlemaigne et de Rolant Et d’Oliver et des vassals Qui morurent en Rencevals.’ Cf. Freeman, _Norman Conquest_, iii. 477. [171] Domesday Book, _Gloc._ f. 162; _Hants_, f. 38 (b). Before the Conquest, not to speak of Widsith and Deor, Edmund Ironside had given the hills of Chartham and Walworth ‘cuidam ioculatori suo nomine Hitardo’ (Somner-Battely, _Antiq. of Canterbury_, app. 39). Hitardus, wishing to visit Rome, gave it to Christ Church, Canterbury. [172] Bernhard, iii. 378, gives a thirteenth-century regulation for the Petit Pont entry of Paris: ‘Et ausi tot li jougleur sunt quite por i ver de chançon.’ [173] Gautier, ii. 124.