while in _Les États du Monde_ his son Jean sets up a high standard of behaviour for the true minstrels: ‘Soies de cuer nes et polis, Courtois, envoisiés, et jolis, Pour les boinnes gens solacier’ (Scheler, _Dits et Contes de Baudouin de Condé et de son fils Jean de Condé_, i. 154; ii. 377). Cf. Watriquet de Couvin, _Dis du fol menestrel_ (ed. Scheler, 367): ‘Menestriex se doit maintenir Plus simplement c’une pucele, ... Menestrel qui veut son droit faire Ne doit le jangleur contrefaire, Mais en sa bouche avoir tous dis Douces paroles et biaus dis, Estre nés, vivre purement.’ These three writers belong to the end of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth century. [254] A. Jubinal, _Jongleurs et Trouvères_, 165. Cf. Gautier, ii. 78; Bédier, 418. [255] F. Diaz, _Poesie der Troubadours_ (ed. Bartsch), 63; K. Bartsch, _Grundriss der provenzalischen Literatur_, 25; F. Hueffer, _The Troubadours_, 63. Diaz, _op. cit._ 297, prints the documents. [256] There is nothing to show that Scilling, the companion of Widsith (_Widsith_, 104), was of an inferior grade. [257] Hueffer, 52; G. Paris, 182: A. Stimming in Grober’s _Grundriss_, ii. 2. 15; Gautier, ii. 45, 58. The commonest of phrases in troubadour biography is ‘cantet et trobet.’ The term _trobador_ is properly the accusative case of _trobaire_. [258] Petrarch, _Epist. Rerum Senil._ n. 3 ‘sunt homines non magni ingenii, magnae vero memoriae, magnaeque diligentiae, sed maioris audaciae, qui regum ac potentum aulas frequentant, de proprio nudi, vestiti autem carminibus alienis, dumque quid ab hoc, aut ab illo exquisitius materno praesertim charactere dictum sit, ingenti expressione pronunciant, gratiam sibi nobilium, et pecunias quaerunt, et vestes et munera.’ Fulke of Marseilles, afterwards bishop of Toulouse, wrote songs in his youth. He became an austere Cistercian; but the songs had got abroad, and whenever he heard one of them sung by a _joglar_, he would eat only bread and water (_Sermo_ of Robert de Sorbonne in Hauréau, _Man. Fr._ xxiv. 2. 286). [259] In the first edition of his _Reliques_ (1765), Percy gave the mediaeval minstrel as high a status as the Norse _scald_ or Anglo-Saxon _scôp_. This led to an acrid criticism by Ritson who, in his essay _On the ancient English Minstrels_ in _Ancient Songs and Ballads_ (1829), easily showed the low repute in which many minstrels were held. See also his elaborate _Dissertation on Romance and Minstrelsy_ in his _Ancient English Metrical Romances_ (1802). The truth really lay between the two, for neither appreciated the wide variety covered by a common name. On the controversy, cf. Minto in _Enc. Brit._ s. v. _Minstrels_, Courthope, i. 426-31, and H. B. Wheatley’s Introduction to his edition of Percy’s _Reliques_, xiii-xv. Percy in his later editions profited largely by Ritson’s criticism; a careful collation of these is given in Schroer’s edition (1889).