[251] Hubatsch, 15. The origin, precise meaning, and mutual relations of the terms _Golias_, _goliardi_ are uncertain. Probably the goliardic literature arose in France, rather than in England with Walter Mapes, the attribution to whom of many of the poems is perhaps due to a confusion of G[olias] with G[ualterus] in the MSS. Giraldus Cambrensis (ob. 1217), _Speculum Ecclesiae_, says ‘Parasitus quidam Golias nomine nostris diebus gulositate pariter et leccacitate famosissimus ... in papam et curiam Romanam carmina famosa ... evomuit’: but the following note points to a much earlier origin for Golias and his _pueri_, and this is upheld by W. Scherer, _Gesch. d. deutsch. Dichtung im 11. und 12. Jahrh. 16._ [252] Early decrees forbidding the clergy to be _ioculatores_ are given on p. 39. More precise is the order of Gautier of Sens (†913) in his _Constitutiones_, c. 13 (Mansi, xviii. 324) ‘Statuimus quod clerici ribaldi, maxime qui dicuntur de familia Goliae, per episcopos, archidiaconos, officiales, et decanos Christianitatis, tonderi praecipiantur vel etiam radi, ita quod eis non remaneat tonsura clericalis: ita tamen quod sine periculo et scandalo ita fiant.’ If Mansi’s date is right, this precedes by three centuries the almost identical _Conc. of Rouen_, c. 8 (Mansi, xxiii. 215), and _Conc. of Castle Gonther_ (Tours), c. 21 (Mansi, xxiii. 237), both in 1231. Gautier, _Les Tropaires_, i. 186, dwells on the influence of the _goliardi_ on the late and ribald development of the tropes, and quotes _Conc. of Treves_ (1227), c. 9 (Mansi, xxiii. 33) ‘praecipimus ut omnes sacerdotes non permittant trutannos et alios vagos scholares aut goliardos cantare versus super _Sanctus_ et _Agnus Dei_.’ On their probable share in the Feast of Fools cf. ch. xiv. For later legislation cf. Hubatsch, 14, 95, and the passage from the _Liber Sextus_ of Boniface VIII on p. 39. It lasts to the _Conc. Frisingense_ (1440) ‘statuimus ne clerici mimis, ioculatoribus, histrionibus, buffonibus, galliardis, largiantur’ (Labbe, xiii. 1286). By this time ‘goliard’ seems little more than a synonym for ‘minstrel.’ The ‘mynstralle, a gulardous,’ of Mannyng, 148, does not appear to be a clerk, while Chaucer’s ‘goliardeys’ is the Miller (_C. T._ prol. 560). On the other hand, Langland’s ‘Goliardeys, a glotoun of wordes’ (_Piers Plowman_, prol. 139), speaks Latin. Another name for the _goliardi_ occurs in an _Epistola Guidonis S. Laurentii in Lucina Cardinalis_, xx. (1266, Hartzheim, iii. 807) against ‘vagi scolares, qui Eberdini vocantur,’ and who ‘divinum invertunt officium, unde laici scandalizantur.’ [253] Baudouin de Condé in his _Contes des Hiraus_ contrasts the ‘grans menestreus,’ the ‘Maistres de sa menestrandie, Qui bien viele ou ki bien die De bouce’ with the ‘felons et honteux,’ who win pence, ‘l’un por faire l’ivre, L’autre le cat, le tiers le sot,’