[_Bibliographical Note_ (for chs. ii-iv).--By far the best account of minstrelsy is the section on _Les Propagateurs des Chansons de Gestes_ in vol. ii of L. Gautier, _Les Épopées françaises_ (2nd ed. 1892), bk. ii, chs. xvii-xxi. It may be supplemented by the chapter devoted to the subject in J. Bédier, _Les Fabliaux_ (2nd ed. 1895), and by the dissertation of E. Freymond, _Jongleurs und Menestrals_ (Halle, 1883). I have not seen A. Olrik, _Middelalderens vandrende Spillemænd_ (_Opuscula Philologica_, Copenhagen, 1887). Some German facts are added by F. Vogt, _Leben und Dichten der deutschen Spielleute im Mittelalter_ (1876), and A. Schultz, _Das höfische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger_ (2nd ed. 1889), i. 565, who gives further references. The English books are not good, and probably the most reliable account of English minstrelsy is that in the following pages; but materials may be found in J. Strutt, _Sports and Pastimes of the People of England_ (1801, ed. W. Hone, 1830); T. Percy, _Reliques of Ancient English Poetry_ (ed. H. B. Wheatley, 1876, ed. Schroer, 1889); J. Ritson, _Ancient English Metrical Romances_ (1802), _Ancient Songs and Ballads_ (1829); W. Chappell, _Old English Popular Music_ (ed. H. E. Wooldridge, 1893); F. J. Crowest, _The Story of British Music, from the Earliest Times to the Tudor Period_ (1896); J. J. Jusserand, _English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages_ (trans. L. T. Smith, 4th ed. 1892). The early English data are discussed by R. Merbot, _Aesthetische Studien zur angelsächsischen Poesie_ (1883), and F. M. Padelford, _Old English Musical Terms_ (1899). F. B. Gummere, _The Beginnings of Poetry_ (1901), should be consulted on the relations of minstrelsy to communal poetry; and other special points are dealt with by O. Hubatsch, _Die lateinischen Vagantenlieder des Mittelalters_ (1870); G. Maugras, _Les Comédiens hors la Loi_ (1887), and H. Lavoix, _La Musique au Siècle de Saint-Louis_ (in G. Raynaud, _Recueil de Motets français_, 1883, vol. ii). To the above list of authorities should of course be added the histories of literature and of the drama enumerated in the _General Bibliographical Note_.]