The Medicine-Men of the Apache. (1892 N 09 / 1887-1888 (pages 443-604))Bourke, John Gregory
Religion
The Medicine-Men of the Apache. (1892 N 09 / 1887-1888 (pages 443-604))
Bourke, John Gregory
Apache Indians -- Medicine; Apache Indians -- Religion; Apache Indians -- Rites and ceremonies; Shamans -- New Mexico
This very general dissemination among the Indians of the American
continent of the sacred use of the powder of the tule, of images,
idols, or sacrificial cakes made of such prehistoric foods, certainly
suggests that the Apache and the Aztecs, among whom they seem to have
been most freely used on ceremonial occasions, were invaders in the
country they respectively occupied, comparatively recent in their
arrival among the contiguous tribes like the Zuñi and Tusayan who on
corresponding occasions offered to their gods a cultivated food like
corn. The Tlascaltec were known in Mexico as the "bread people,"
possibly because they had been acquainted with the cultivation of the
cereals long before the Aztecs. Similarly, there was a differentiation
of the Apache from the sedentary Pueblos. The Apache were known to all
the villages of the Pueblos as a "corn-buying tribe," as will
presently be shown. It is true that in isolated cases and in widely
separated sections the Apache have for nearly two centuries been a
corn-planting people, because we find accounts in the Spanish
chronicles of the discovery and destruction by their military
expeditions of "trojes" or magazines of Apache corn near the San
Francisco (or Verde) River, in the present Territory of Arizona, as
early as the middle of the last century. But the general practice of
the tribe was to purchase its bread or meal from the Pueblos at such
times as hostilities were not an obstacle to free trade. There was
this difference to be noted between the Apache and the Aztecs: The
latter had been long enough in the valley of Anahuac to learn and
adopt many new foods, as we learn from Duran, who relates that at
their festivals in honor of Tezcatlipoca, or those made in pursuance
of some vow, the women cooked an astonishing variety of bread, just
as, at the festivals of the Zuñi, Tusayan, and other Pueblos in our
own time, thirty different kinds of preparations of corn may be
found.[390] I was personally informed by old Indians in the pueblos
along the Rio Grande that they had been in the habit of trading with
the Apache and Comanche of the Staked Plains of Texas until within
very recent years; in fact, I remember seeing such a party of Pueblos
on its return from Texas in 1869, as it reached Fort Craig, New
Mexico, where I was then stationed. I bought a buffalo robe from them.
The principal article of sale on the side of the Pueblos was cornmeal.
The Zuñi also carried on this mixed trade and hunting, as I was
informed by the old chief Pedro Pino and others. The Tusayan denied
that they had ever traded with the Apache so far to the east as the
buffalo country, but asserted that the Comanche had once sent a large
body of their people over to Walpi to trade with the Tusayan, among
whom they remained for two years. There was one buffalo robe among the
Tusayan at their snake dance in 1881, possibly obtained from the Ute
to the north of them.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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