The Medicine-Men of the Apache. (1892 N 09 / 1887-1888 (pages 443-604))Bourke, John Gregory
Religion
The Medicine-Men of the Apache. (1892 N 09 / 1887-1888 (pages 443-604))
Bourke, John Gregory
Apache Indians -- Medicine; Apache Indians -- Religion; Apache Indians -- Rites and ceremonies; Shamans -- New Mexico
Exactly what this prehistoric food was it is now an impossibility to
determine with exactness. Torquemada shows that long after the Romans
had obtained the use of wheat they persisted in the sacrificial use of
the "nola isla," "farro," and "escanda," forms of wild grain once
roasted and ground and made into bread by their forefathers.[504] A
similar usage prevailed among the Greeks. Pliny speaks of "the bearded
red wheat, named in Latin 'far,'" and tells us that rye was called
"secale" or "farrago."[505] The radical "far" is still to be found all
over Europe in the word for flour, "farina," "farine," or "harina,"
while it is also possible that it may be detected in the
ever-to-be-honored name of Farragut.[506]
In the eight marriage rites described by Baudhâyana, the initiatory
oblation in the fourth (that in which the father gives his daughter
away) consists of "parched grain." This rite is one of the four which
are lawful for a Brahman. The parched grain to be used would seem to
be either sesamum or barley, although this is not clear. Vasish_th_a
says, chapter 27, concerning secret penances: "He who ... uses barley
(for his food) becomes pure."[507]
The pages of Brand[508] are filled with references to various forms of
cake which seem properly to be included under this chapter. In England
there formerly prevailed the custom of preparing "soul cakes" for
distribution among visitors to the family on that day and to bands of
waifs or singers, who expected them as a dole for praying and singing
in the interests of the souls of the dead friends and relatives of the
family. On the island of St. Kilda the soul cake was "a large cake in
the form of a triangle, furrowed round, and which was to be all eaten
that night."[509] In Lancashire and Hertfordshire the cake was made of
oatmeal, but in many other parts it was a "seed cake"[510] and in
Warwickshire, "at the end of barley and bean seed time, there is a
custom there to give the plowmen _froise_, a species of thick
pancake."[511] "All-soul cakes" were distributed at time of All Souls'
Day.
In England and Scotland the old custom[512] was to have a funeral
feast, which all friends and relations were expected to attend. Wine,
currant cake, meat, and other refreshments, varying according to the
fortune of the family, were served liberally. The bread given out was
called "arvil-bread." There is no special reason for believing that
this could be called a hoddentin custom, except that the writer
himself calls attention to the fact that in the earlier times the
bread was in the form of "wafers."[513]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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