[Footnote 675: Mehemet Ali, Viceroy of Egypt (_circa_ 1769-1849), appointed Governor of Egypt in 1805, massacred the Mamelukes in 1811; conquered Nubia, Sennaar, and Kordofan (1820-1822); assisted the Turks in the War of Greek Independence (1827); conquered Syria (1831-1832); defeated Turkey (1839); and was obliged to give up Syria in 1841. From then until 1847, when he lost his reason, he devoted himself to the improvement of his vice-realm.--T.] [Footnote 676: The Treaty of London, signed on the 6th of July 1827, by which England, France and Russia agreed to compel Turkey and Greece to accept their mediation with a view to restoring peace in the East. The offer of mediation was rejected by Turkey, with the result that armed intervention ensued.--T.] [Footnote 677: The _Note sur la Grèce_ appeared in 1825.--B.] [Footnote 678: The victory of Navarino (20 October 1827) had not succeeded in delivering Greece from the Ottoman yoke. On the 27th of August 1828, twelve French regiments, commanded by General Maison, were landed on the Morea. Within a few weeks, the French had driven the Turkish garrisons from the towns and strongholds of the peninsula. The Morea and the Cyclades were placed under the general protection of the Powers and General Maison, promoted to Marshal, returned to France, leaving two brigades to aid the Greeks in organizing the government of their territory.--B.] [Footnote 679: The Russians captured Silistria in 1829.--T.] [Footnote 680: General Ivan Paskevitch, later Field-marshal Prince of Warsaw (1782-1856), captured Kars in 1828 and Erzeroum in 1829; as Commander-in-Chief in Poland, he took Warsaw, in 1831, and became Governor of Poland, executing the Organic Statute.--T.] [Footnote 681: Mahmud II. Sultan of Turkey (1785-1839), brother to Mustapha IV., whom he succeeded.--T.] [Footnote 682: By the Convention of Akerman, concluded on the 6th of October 1826, Russia obtained the right of navigating the Black Sea and various agreements were entered into regarding Moldavia, Wallachia and Servia. The non-fulfilment of this treaty by Turkey led to the War of 1828-1829 now under discussion.--T.] [Footnote 683: By the Treaty of Jassy (1792), the frontiers of Russia were extended to the Dniester.--T.] [Footnote 684: Vice-Admiral Lodewijk Sigismund Vincent Gustaaf Count van Heiden, G.C.B. (1772-1850), entered the Dutch Navy as a boy, was promoted to lieutenant in 1789 and, in 1795, took the Stadtholder William V. to England in a fishing-smack. He was tried and imprisoned and, on recovering his liberty, entered the Russian service, where he was promoted to rear-admiral in 1817, to vice-admiral in 1827, after the Battle of Navarino, in which he took a brilliant part, and to full admiral in 1850. He received the Grand Cross of the Bath after Navarino, as well as the Orders of St. Louis of France and St. George of Russia.--T.]