[Footnote 685: Alexander II. Tsar of all the Russias (1818-1881), succeeded in 1855, assassinated 13 March 1881.--T.] [Footnote 686: Peter I., the Great, Tsar of Russia (1672-1725).--T.] [Footnote 687: Arnaud Cardinal d'Ossat (1536-1604), Bishop of Rennes, later of Bayeux, Ambassador to Rome from Henry III. and Henry IV. He obtained the papal absolution for Henry IV. and received the cardinal's hat and the See of Bayeux as his reward (1599). His Letters (1624) are regarded as a classic among diplomatists.--T.] [Footnote 688: Hugo de Groot (1583-1645), known as Grotius, the famous Dutch jurist and founder of the science of international law. His principal work. _De Jure belli et pacis_, was published in 1625.--T.] [Footnote 689: Samuel Baron von Pufendorf (1632-1692), a noted German jurist and publicist. His _De Jure naturæ et gentium_ was published in 1672.--T.] [Footnote 690: The Treaties of Munster and Osnabrück, culminating in the general Peace signed at Munster on the 24th of October 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War.--T.] [Footnote 691: Maria (Sophia) Feodorowna of Wurtemberg-Mümpelgard, Empress of Russia (1759-1828), widow of Paul I. and mother of Alexander I. and Nicholas I. She died in the night of 4-5 November 1828.--B.] [Footnote 692: Nicholas, the third son of Paul I., succeeded his brother Alexander in 1825, the second son, Constantine, having renounced his right of succession. The first year of his reign was marked by a military revolt which was immediately suppressed.--T.] [Footnote 693: I am inclined here to echo a footnote by M. Edmond Biré, who says: "The readers, I hope, will not skip a line of this Memorandum, a master-piece of logic and patriotism and, which is no detriment, a master-piece of style. Chateaubriand has written no pages that do him more honour." ] [Footnote 694: Louis Desprez (_b._ 1799), a young sculptor, had won the Prix de Rome in 1826. The bas-relief which he carved for Poussin's tomb, copying the Arcadian Shepherds, is one of his finest works.--T.] [Footnote 695: Paul Lemoyne (1784--_circa_ 1860), known as Lemoyne-Saint-Paul, a French sculptor of some merit.--T.] [Footnote 696: The Baronne de Barante, was a daughter of General César Ange de Houdetot, grand-daughter of Madame de Houdetot, Rousseau's friend, and married to Aimable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, Baron de Barante, author of the _Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne._--B.] [Footnote 697: Chateaubriand's tragedy of _Moïse_ was first published in his Complete Works (1826-1831), and has never been performed.--T.] [Footnote 698: The costly monument to Nicolas Poussin, in the Church of San Lorenzo-in-Lucina, was erected entirely at Chateaubriand's expense and was not fully completed until 1831, when Chateaubriand had again renounced all titles and emoluments and was once more penniless. It took him four years, from 1831 to 1834, to clear his debt to the artist, who was not much richer than himself.--B.]