[Footnote 31: Jean Baptiste Guillaume Marie Anne Séraphin Joseph Comte de Villèle (1773-1854) placed himself at the head of the Royalist Opposition in 1816. In 1820, after the fall of the Duc Decazes, he entered the Ministry without a portfolio and, in 1821, became Minister of Finance. In 1822, he was made President of the Council, with the title of count. He remained in power until 1828, when he made way for M. de Martignac, and was raised to the peerage. The Comte de Villèle retired into private life after the Revolution of July.--T.] [Footnote 32: Jacques Joseph Guillaume François Pierre Comte de Corbière (1766-1853) attached his political fortunes entirely to those of Villèle. They were both ministers together: Corbière of the Interior, Villèle of Finance; Louis XVIII. made them both counts, and Charles X. peers of France, on the same day. Both retired to the country after the Revolution of 1830, and they died within a few months of one another.--B.] [Footnote 33: Jean Pierre Piet-Tardiveau (1763-1848), member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1815 to 1819 and from 1820 to 1828. He entertained the ultra-Conservative party for many years at No. 8, Rue Thérèse, where he lived.--B.] [Footnote 34: Charles Guillaume Étienne (1778-1845), dramatic author, publicist and politician. He became a member of the French Academy in 1811. Under the Empire, he had been the head of the literary division of the newspaper police; whereas, under the Restoration, he became an ardent "Liberal," attacking the Bourbons in the _Minerve française_ and the _Constitutionnel._ Étienne was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1820 to 1824 and from 1827 to 1830. Louis-Philippe raised him to the peerage in 1839. The _Minerve française_, founded in 1818, nine months before the _Conservateur_, appeared once a week, but on uncertain days: in this way, not being an absolutely periodical publication, it escaped the censorship.--B.] [Footnote 35: Louis Gabriel Ambroise Vicomte de Bonald (1754-1840), member of the French Academy (1816) and a peer of France (1823), which latter dignity he resigned in 1830.--T.] [Footnote 36: Abbé Félicité Robert de Lamennais (1782-1854), a distinguished Royalist writer, was converted to the democratic cause after 1830, when he attacked not only the Monarchy but the Church, which had condemned one of his writings. He played a small part in politics in 1848, but died forgotten and was, at his own wish, buried without religious rites.--T.] [Footnote 37: The _Conservateur_ first appeared in October 1818 and lasted until March 1820, appearing in numbers of three printed sheets on irregular days, like the _Minerve._ It was, therefore, not a daily paper, and both Royalists and Liberals in this way succeeded in avoiding the censorship, which affected only periodicals.--B.]